Table 2 NPPV in specific circumstances
Study | Cause of ARF (n) | Location, Patients (n) | Age (yr) | NPPV type, Interface | Avoided ETI (%) | Other reported outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPPV in postoperative ARF | ||||||
Stucki et al. [8] a prospective, crossover (cardiac surgery) | Interstitial pulmonary oedema | PICU, 6 | 0.4 (0.04-0.6)b,c | BIPAP Nasal mask | 100 | Improved RR, PTPes, dPes, dyspnea score Death: 0% |
Bernet et al. [24] a prospective, noncontrolled (cardiac surgery subgroup) | ND | PICU, 11 | 2.4 (0.01- 18)d | BIPAP, CPAP Nasal or facial mask | 64 | Improved RR, HR, PaCO2, pH, serum HCO3 within the first 8 hrs Death: 0% |
Joshi et al. [26] retrospective (postoperative subgroup) | Atelectasis | PICU, 16 | 12b | BiPAP Facial mask | 94 | Improved RR, PaCO2, O2 requirement, SaO2 Major complication: 0% |
Essouri et al. [27] a retrospective (postextubation subgroup)e | ND | PICU, 61 | 3.2 (0.04- 15)c,f | BIPAP Nasal or facial mask | 67 | Improved RR, PaCO2 at 2 hrs Death: 11% Major complication: 0% |
Kovacikova et al. [29] case reports (cardiac surgery) | Bilateral diaphragm paralysis | PICU, 2 | 0.9-3.5c | BIPAP Facial mask, Nasopharyngeal tube | 100 | Improved RR, gas exchange Major complication: 100% (respiratory tract infection) |
Chin et al. [30] retrospective (liver transplantation) | Atelectasis, hypercapnia +/-hypoxemia, pleural effusion, pneumonia | PICU, 15 | 0.2-14c | BiPAP Nasal or facial mask | 87 | Improved PaCO2, SaO2, atelectasis Death: 13% |
NPPV for facilitation of ventilation weaning/rescue of failed extubation (not postoperatively) | ||||||
Lum et al. [31] a prospective, noncontrolled (prior IMV subgroup) | Post-extubation failure (51), weaning facilitation (98) | PICU, 149 | 0.5 (0.1- 2)b,g | BiPAP Nasal or facial mask | 75 (failure group), 86 (weaning group) | Improved RR, HR, FiO2 within the first 24 hrs Death: 5% Major complication: 11% (pneumonia) |
Mayordomo-Colunga et al. [32] a,h prospective, noncontrolled | Post-extubation failure (20), weaning facilitation (21) | PICU, 36 (41 episodes) | 1.7 (0.04- 17)b,c | BiPAP, CPAP Nasal or facial mask, helmet | 50 (failure group), 81 (weaning group) | Death: 5% Major complication: 5% (hypercapnia), 12% (upper airway obstruction), 7% (apnea), 10% (other) |
NPPV in immunocompromised patients | ||||||
Munoz-Bonet et al. [23] prospective, noncontrolled (immunocompromised subgroup) | Pnemonia (3), ARDS (5) | PICU, 8 | 1.5-13.8c | BIPAP Facial mask | 100 (pneumonia), 40 (ARDS) | Improved RR, HR, PaCO2, SaO2, pH, clinical score within the first 6 hrs Death: 0% Major complication: 0% |
Essouri et al. [27] retrospective (immunocompromised subgroup) | ND | PICU, 12 | 8 (3-16)c,f | BIPAP Nasal or facial mask | 92 | Improved RR, PaCO2 at 2 hrs Death: 8%, Major complication: 0% |
Schiller et al. [33] retrospective | Pneumonia (5), ARDS (10), pulmonary mass (1) | PICU, 14 (16 episodes) | 13.3f | BiPAP Facial mask | 80 | Improved RR, PaO2 at 1 hr Death: 20% Major complication: 0% |
Piastra et al. [34] prospective, noncontrolled | ARDS | PICU, 23 | 10.2f | BIPAP Facial mask, Helmet | 54 | Improved gas exchange at 1 hr (82%), sustained (74%) Death: 35% Major complication: 0% |
Desprez et al. [35] case reports | Pneumonia (1), ARDS (1) | PICU, 2 | 13-14c | BIPAP Facial mask | 100 | Death: 0% Major complication: 50% (upper and lower digestive hemorrhage) |
Pancera et al. [36] retrospective (NPPV subgroup) | ND | PICU, 120 | 9i | BIPAP Nasal mask | 74 | Death: 22.5% |