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Table 3 Predictive factors for the outcome of NPPV in children with ARF

From: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure in children: a concise review

Study

Population (n)

Age (yr)

Success rate (%)a

Predictors of failure

Campion et al. [20] b,c

prospective noncontrolled

Bronchiolitis (69)

0.1 (0.03-1)d,e

83

Apnea

Higher PaCO2 on admission

Higher PRISM score at 24 hrs

Bernet et al. [24] b

prospective noncontrolled

Pneumonia (14), bronchiolitis (4), postoperative ARF (11), other (13)

2.4 (0.01-18)d,e

57

FiO2 > 0.8 at 1 hr

Joshi et al. [26]

retrospective (primary parenchymal lung disease subgroup)

Pneumonia or ARDS (29)

13d

62

Age ≤ 6 yr

FiO2 > 0.6 within the first 24 hrs

PaCO2 ≥ 55 mmHg within the first 24 hrs

Essouri et al. [27] b

retrospective

CAP (23), ARDS (9), ACS (9), immune deficiency (12), postextubation ARF (61)

5.3 (0.04-16)e,f

73

ARDS

High PELOD score

Lum et al. [31] b

prospective noncontrolled

Pulmonary diseases (129), postextubation ARF (149)

0.7 (0.3-2.8)d,g

76

Higher FiO2 needs at start of NPPV

Higher PRISM score on admission

Sepsis at start of NPPV

Munoz-Bonet et al. [54]

prospective noncontrolled

Pneumonia (20), ARDS (10), postextubation ARF (11), other (6)

7.1 (0.1-16)e,f

81

MAP > 11.5 cm H2O

FiO2 > 0.6

Mayordomo-Colunga et al. [55] b

prospective noncontrolled

Type I ARF (38), type II ARF (78)

0.9 (0.05-14)d,e

84

Lower RR decrease at 1 hr and 6 hrs

Higher PRISM score at start and at 1 hr

Type I ARF

  1. ACS, acute chest syndrome; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ARF, acute respiratory failure; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; FiO2, fraction of oxygen in inspired gas; MAP, mean airway pressure; NPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; PaCO2, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PELOD, pediatric logistic organ dysfunction; PRISM, pediatric risk of mortality; RR, respiratory rate.
  2. aNPPV was considered successful when endotracheal intubation was avoided.
  3. bNeonatal cases also were included in the study.
  4. cCertain patients included in the study had underlying neurologic or chronic lung disease.
  5. dMedian.
  6. eRange.
  7. fMean.
  8. gInterquartile range.