Table 4 Causes of fever persistence after initial empirical antibiotic in neutropenic patients
From: The strategy of antibiotic use in critically ill neutropenic patients
Infectious causes of persistent fever | ||
|---|---|---|
Inappropriate antibiotic dosing and concentration | ||
Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea | ||
Antibiotic-resistant pathogen | Multidrug-resistant bacteria, Mycobacteria, Fastidious pathogens (e.g., Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bartonella) | |
Fungal infection | Molds: Aspergillus and zygomycetes Yeasts: Candida and Cryptococcus | |
Parasitic infection | e.g., Toxoplasma gondii | |
Viral infection | e.g., herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus) parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses. | |
Persistent focus of infection (e.g., catheter) | ||
Uncontrolled infection (e.g., endocarditis or peritonitis) | ||
Noninfectious causes of persistent fever | ||
Transfusion-related fever | ||
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | ||
Venous thrombosis | ||
Drug- or transfusion-induced fever | ||
Graft-versus-host disease | ||
Underlying malignancy | ||
Pancreatitis | ||