Timing of (supplemental) parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review

Annals of Intensive Care

Table 7 Infection end points in included studies and results for EPN, LPN and EN groups

Outcome	Study	Study arms			Significance of results
Outcome	Study	EPN	LPN	EN
Infections (%)	Bauer 2000 [11]	47.0	x	38.0	Respiratory infections: no p-value, ns
	Bauer 2000 [11]	18.0	x	27.0	UTI: no p-value, ns
	Casaer 2011 [13]	26.2	22.8	x	p = 0.008
	Doig 2013 [14]	NR	x	NR	No significant differences between standard care or EPN
Antibiotic (mean days ± SD)	Heidegger 2013 [15]	x	5 ± 7	6 ± 7	p = 0.0298
Antibiotic free (mean days ± SD)	Heidegger 2013 [15]	x	15 ± 9	13 ± 10	p = 0.0126^†

EPN, early parenteral nutrition; LPN, late parenteral nutrition; EN, enteral nutrition; p, p-value; ns, nonsignificant; UTI, urinary tract infections; NR, not reported; SD, standard deviation. NB: studies used different definitions for EPN, LPN and EN. ^†, analyses performed between day 9 and day 28.