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Table 8 Nutritional adequacy in included studies and results for EPN, LPN and EN groups

From: Timing of (supplemental) parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review

Outcome

Study

Study arms

Significance of results

EPN

LPN

EN

Adequacy of calories (mean% ± SD)

Cahill 2011 [12]

74.1 ± 21.2

57.4 ± 22.7

42.9 ± 21.2

p < 0.001†

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

81.2 ± 23.1

64.3 ± 20.6

63.4 ± 23.4

p < 0.0001†

Adequacy of proteins (mean% ± SD)

Cahill 2011 [12]

71.5 ± 24.9

53.2 ± 22.7

37.8 ± 21.6

p < 0.001†

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

80.1 ± 30.3

59.9 ± 21.2

59.3 24.3

p < 0.0001†

Mean energy delivery (kcal/kg/d ± SD; % of energy target ± SD)

Heidegger 2013 [15]

x

28 ± 5; 103 ± 18

20 ± 7; 77 ± 27

p < 0.0001^

  1. EPN, early parenteral nutrition; LPN, late parenteral nutrition; EN, enteral nutrition; %, percentage, SD, standard deviation; p, p-value; kcal, kilocalorie; kg, kilogram; d, day; x, not applicable. NB: studies used different definitions for EPN, LPN and EN. †, comparing EPN versus EN and comparing LPN versus EN and comparing EPN versus LPN; ^, analyses between day 4 and day 8.