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Table 3 Clinical and respiratory characteristics of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome according to transpulmonary bubble transit (subgroup analysis)

From: Echocardiographic detection of transpulmonary bubble transit during acute respiratory distress syndrome

 

Transpulmonary bubble transit

 
 

Absent to minor

Moderate

Large

 
 

( n  = 159)

( n  = 42)

( n  = 15)

p value

Age, years

63 (53 to 76)

64 (48 to 74)

72 (53 to 78)

0.64

Male gender, n (%)

110 (69.2%)

30 (71.4%)

10 (66.7%)

0.93

McCabe and Jackson class*

   

0.12

0

99 (62.3%)

29 (69%)

5 (33.3%)

 

1

39 (24.5%)

8 (19%)

5 (33.3%)

 

2

21 (13.2%)

5 (11.9%)

5 (33.3%)

 

SAPS II at ICU admission

55 (38 to 69)

45 (32 to 66)

69 (47 to 81)

0.15

Cause of lung injury, n (%)

   

0.67

Pneumonia

84 (52.8%)

23 (54.8%)

11 (73.3%)

 

Aspiration

40 (25.2%)

10 (23.8%)

1 (6.7%)

 

Non-pulmonary sepsis

14 (8.8%)

3 (7.1%)

2 (13.3%)

 

Other causes

21 (13.2%)

6 (14.3%)

1 (6.7%)

0.59

Berlin category

    

Moderate ARDS

91 (58.0%)

26 (61.9%)

10 (71.4%)

 

Severe ARDS

66 (42.0%)

16 (38.1%)

4 (28.6%)

 

Cirrhosis

4 (2.5%)

1 (2.4%)

3 (20.0%)a,b

0.003

Respiratory settings#

    

Tidal volume, mL/kg

6.3 (6.0 to 7.0)

6.1 (5.7 to 6.6)

6.1 (5.9 to 6.6)

0.06

Minute ventilation

10.6 (9.0 to 12.0)

10.5 (8.7 to 12.2)

10.0 (9.1 to 12.8)

0.95

Respiratory rate, bpm

25 (23 to 30)

28 (24 to 30)

25 (22 to 30)

0.46

PEEP, cmH2O

10 (5 to 12)

10 (7 to 10)

9 (5 to 12)

0.86

Plateau pressure, cmH2O

25 (21 to 28)

24 (20 to 27)

28 (24 to 28)

0.26

Compliance, mL/cmH2O

30 (22 to 38)

28 (21 to 39)

25 (20 to 30)

0.27

Driving pressure, cmH2O

15 (11 to 18)

14 (11 to 19)

17 (15 to 20)

0.14

Arterial blood gases$

    

PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mmHg

112 (81 to 150)

115 (77 to 161)

132 (100 to 162)

0.46

FiO2 (%)

100 (70 to 100)

80 (60 to 100)

80 (60 to 100)

0.33

PaO2, mmHg

89 (70 to 116)

87 (69 to 103)

92 (75 to 158)

0.44

PaCO2, mmHg

41 (36 to 48)

44 (39 to 51)a

36 (33 to 46)b

0.02

pH

7.33 (7.24 to 7.40)

7.34 (7.29 to 7.41)

7.35 (7.28 to 7.40)

0.79

Lactate, mmol/L

1.3 (0.9 to 2.7)

1.4 (0.8 to 2.3)

1.8 (0.8 to 3.1)

0.87

  1. ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; *44; #respiratory settings were recorded at the time of transesophageal echocardiography; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; $blood gases were recorded on the day of transesophageal echocardiography (latest available before echocardiography) and the proportion of patients receiving nitric oxide and prone position on the TEE day was similar in the groups with large, moderate, or absent to minor TPBT (2 [13.3%] vs. 9 [21.4%] vs. 22 [13.9%], p = 0.48; and 1 [6.7%] vs. 7 [16.7%] vs. 22 [13.8%], p = 0.63, respectively); a p value <0.05 (corrected Mann-Whitney test after Kruskal-Wallis test) as compared to absent to minor transpulmonary bubble transit; b P value <0.05 (corrected Mann-Whitney test after Kruskal-Wallis test) as compared to moderate transpulmonary bubble transit.