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Table 1 Characteristics of survivors and early (≤3 days) and late (>3 days) deceased

From: Timing and causes of death in septic shock

Variables

All patients

Alive

Early deaths

Late deaths

p

n = 543

n = 299

n = 78

n = 166

Demographics

     

 Age, years

66 ± 15

63 ± 16

70 ± 15

69 ± 13

<0.0001

 Male gender

346 (64)

196 (66)

49 (63)

101 (61)

0.64

Comorbidities

     

 Malignancy

139 (25)

61 (20)

32 (41)

46 (28)

0.0008

 Chronic heart failure

126 (23)

59 (20)

18 (23)

49 (29)

0.06

 Chronic pulmonary disease

103 (19)

47 (16)

15 (19)

41 (25)

0.06

 Diabetes mellitus

96 (18)

46 (15)

22 (28)

28 (17)

0.03

 Cirrhosis

65 (12)

28 (9)

9 (11)

28 (17)

0.06

 Chronic kidney failure

60 (11)

29 (10)

8 (10)

23 (14)

0.38

Factors of immunosuppression

     

 Chemotherapy during the last 3 months

64 (12)

33 (11)

13 (17)

18 (11)

0.36

 Leuconeutropenia

41 (7)

21 (7)

13 (17)

7 (4)

0.002

 Corticosteroid treatment

91 (17)

39 (13)

15 (19)

37 (22)

0.03

 Other immunosuppressive drugs

46 (8)

19 (6)

8 (10)

19 (11)

0.14

 HIV infection

6 (1)

4 (1)

0 (0)

2 (1)

0.86

Infection characteristics

     

 Healthcare-related infections

286 (53)

148 (49)

44 (56)

94 (57)

0.26

 Source of infection

    

0.003

 Lung

286 (53)

146 (49)

43 (55)

97 (58)

 

 Abdominal

91 (17)

40 (14)

15 (19)

36 (22)

 

 Urinary tract

63 (12)

46 (15)

6 (8)

11 (7)

 

 Catheter

18 (3)

15 (5)

1 (1)

2 (1)

 

 Skin and soft tissue

33 (6)

22 (7)

2 (3)

9 (5)

 

 Othersa

52 (9)

30 (10)

11 (14)

11 (7)

 

 Microbiological documentation

376 (69)

221 (74)

48 (61)

107 (64)

0.03

 Type of microorganismb

    

0.50

 Gram-negative bacteria

206 (55)

127 (58)

26 (54)

53 (49)

 

 Gram-positive bacteria

151 (40)

82 (37)

21 (44)

48 (44)

 

 Othersc

19 (5)

11 (5)

1 (2)

7 (6)

 

 Positive blood cultures

166 (30)

102 (34)

22 (28)

42 (25)

0.12

Admission biological findings

     

 Leucocytes (G/L)

12.0 [5.6–18.7]

11.3 [6–18.4]

9.2 [1.7–25]

13 [6.7–18]

0.07

 Arterial blood lactate (mmol/L)

2.9 [1.5–5.4]

2.2 [1.4–4]

7.8 [4.3–11.8]

2.7 [1.4–5.9]

<0.0001

 Creatininemia (μmol/L)

139 [88–215]

129 [82–186]

196 [127–281]

137 [85–214]

0.02

Prognostic scoring systems

     

 Admission SOFA score

9 [6–12]

9 [5–12]

11 [9–14]

9 [5–12]

0.0005

 Admission SAPS II

66 [51–85]

58 [46–80]

86 [77–101]

67 [53–83]

<0.0001

Organ failure supports

     

 Mechanical ventilation

476 (88)

241 (81)

77 (99)

158 (95)

<0.0001

 Renal replacement therapy

277 (51)

101 (34)

65 (83)

111 (67)

<0.0001

 Stress-dose corticosteroids

250 (46)

111 (37)

58 (74)

81 (49)

<0.0001

  1. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers (percentages) and continuous variables as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range] as appropriate. Comparisons were performed between the three subgroups (alive patients and early and late deceased)
  2. HIV human immunodeficiency virus, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score
  3. aMeningitis (n = 7), bone and joint (n = 7), endocarditis (n = 5), gynecological (n = 4), mediastinitis (n = 3), head and neck (n = 2), unknown (n = 24)
  4. bPercentages are computed from patients with microbiological documentation
  5. cFungi (n = 8), virus (n = 9), mycobacteria (n = 2)