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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

From: Efficacy of chlorhexidine bathing for reducing healthcare associated bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis

Study

Bleasdale et al. [24]

Climo et al. [12]

Huang et al. [13]

Camus et al. [25]

Noto et al. [16]

Study design

Prospective, 2-arm, crossover

Multicenter, cluster-randomized, non-blinded crossover trial

Cluster-randomized trial

Multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study

Multicenter, pragmatic cluster randomized, crossover, controlled study

Location

Single center, USA

7 hospitals, USA

43 hospitals, USA

3 hospitals, France

Single center, USA

Study site

Two 11-bed medical ICUs

Eight ICUs, one BMT unit

74 ICUs

Medical ICUs

5 adult ICUs

Study period

Jun 8 to Dec 20, 2005 and Jan 5 to Jun 21, 2006

Aug 2007 to Feb 2009

Apr 8, 2010 to Sep 30, 2011

Apr 1996 to Jun 1999

Jul 2012 to Jul 2013

 Intervention

Daily bathing with 2 % chlorhexidine-impregnated cloth

Daily bathing with 2 % chlorhexidine-impregnated cloth

Daily bathing with 2 % chlorhexidine-impregnated cloth and twice-daily intranasal mupirocin

Daily bathing with 4 % chlorhexidine soap and daily intranasal mupirocin

Daily bathing with 2 % chlorhexidine-impregnated cloth

 Comparator

Daily bathing with soap and water

Daily bathing with non-antimicrobial washcloths

Screening and isolation for MRSA colonization

Daily bathing with non-antiseptic liquid soap

Daily bathing with disposable non-antimicrobial cloths

Number of patients

     

 Intervention

391

3970

26,024

259

4852

 Comparator

445

3842

23,480

256

4488

Number of patient-days

     

 Intervention

2210

24,902

101,603

3963

20,720.5

 Comparator

2219

24,983

88,222

4276

19,201.5

Other HCAI prevention

The MICU catheter insertion policy

Contact precautions

Contact precaution policies, based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Standard precautions according to the French recommendation

Contact precautions according to the usual practice of each unit

The period under observation

MICU stay

Between the control period and the intervention period

From the third day after ICU admission through the second day after ICU discharge

Between the randomization and the termination date of study treatments plus an additional 48 h

During the chlorhexidine bathing period

  1. BMT bone marrow transplantation, HCAI healthcare associated infection, MICU medical intensive care unit, MRSA methicillin resistant S. aureus