Table 1 Baseline characteristics, interventions used and glucometrics of patients treated by the Leuven versus Yale protocol

Number of patients

57

22

35

p value

Patient demographics

 Men/women

30/27

13/9

17/18

NS

 Diabetic status (no/type1/type2)

36/6/15

9/4/9

27/2/6

0.0016

 Age (years)

64 ± 12

60 ± 13

66 ± 10

0.055

 BMI (kg/m²)

26.8 ± 5.4

27.5 ± 7.1

26.3 ± 4.0

NS

Admission reason

 Septic shock

22

13

9

NS

 Neurologic disease/coma

9

0

9

0.004

 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

9

1

8

NS

 Respiratory failure

6

1

5

NS

 Cardiogenic shock

7

3

4

NS

 Other

4

4

0

NS

Severity of illness

APACHE-II score

28 ± 7

27 ± 7

28 ± 7

NS

SOFA score

10 ± 4

9 ± 4

11 ± 3

0.072

Clinical interventions

 Mechanical ventilation

44

16

28

NS

 Vasopressor therapy

35

14

21

NS

 Inotropic therapy

20

6

14

NS

 Hemodialysis

14

9

5

NS

 No/total parenteral/enteral feeding

17/17/23

9/10/3

8/7/20

0.003

 Glucocorticoids

27

12

15

NS

 Blood transfusion

15

4

11

NS

 Antibiotics

46

19

27

NS

Outcome parameters

 LOS in ICU (days)

15 ± 9

11 ± 6

17 ± 10

0.019

 In hospital mortality

20

7

11

NS

Insulin dose

 Day 1 (units)

138 (48–190)

50 (27–80)

0.001

 Day 2 (units)

116 (54–116)

56 (28–81)

0.006

Glucose parameters

 HbA1c (%)

6.3 (5.8–7.0)

6.0 (5.7–6.6)

NS

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

45 (40–53)

42 (39–49)

NS

 Median glycemia (mg/dl)

128 (106–154)

118 (108–128)

NS

 % of time at glycemia

  <60 mg/dl

5 (1–8)

0 (0–2)

0.001

  80–110 mg/dl

26 ± 11

37 ± 15

0.001

  >150 mg/dl

29 ± 23

17 ± 13

<0.0001

  >200 mg/dl

13 ± 19

3 ± 5

<0.0001

  60–150 mg/dl

66 ± 24

81 ± 7

<0.0001

  70–180 mg/dl

69 ± 19

91 ± 10

<0.0001

 Nr of art blood glc measurements/day

10 ± 2

10 ± 4

NS

 Glucose variability parameters

  SD (mg/dl)

47 (31–71)

28 (21–37)

0.001

  Coefficient of variation (%)

36 (26–50)

23 (19–31)

0.001

  IQR

66 (47–82)

37 (27–43)

<0.0001

  MAGE (mg/dl)

73 (47–128)

52 (37–83)

0.061 (NS)

  MODD (mg/dl)

60 (33–94)

35 (26–41)

0.001

  M-100

10 (4–25)

4 (2–5)

<0.0001

  CONGA1 (mg/dl)

20 (14–39)

15 (13–24)

NS

  CONGA2 (mg/dl)

30 (22–53)

23 (18–34)

0.036

  CONGA4 (mg/dl)

38 (28–66)

29 (20–43)

0.012

  LBGI

2.6 (1.0–3.7)

0.7 (0.4–1.4)

0.011

  HBGI

2.5 (1.0–8.0)

1.3 (0.5–1.8)

0.018

  Glucose variability

42 (29–67)

28 (20–34)

0.001