Table 3 Baseline characteristics, interventions used and glucometrics of non-diabetic versus diabetic patients

Number of patients

36

21

Patient demographics

 Men/women

19/17

11/10

NS

 Age (years)

65 ± 11

62 ± 12

NS

 BMI (kg/m²)

26 ± 4

29 ± 7

0.02

Severity of illness

 APACHE-II score

29 ± 6

26 ± 7

NS

 SOFA score

11 ± 4

9 ± 3

NS (0.064)

Clinical interventions

 Mechanical ventilation

27

17

NS

 Vasopressor therapy

23

12

NS

 Hemodialysis

12

2

NS (0.06)

 No/total parenteral/enteral feeding

7/13/16

10/4/7

NS (0.075)

 Glucocorticoids

20

7

NS

 Antibiotics

30

16

NS

Protocol (Leuven/Yale)

9/27

13/8

0.009

Insulin dose

 Day 1 (units)

48 (26–82)

127 (51–175)

0.001

 Day 2 (units)

46 (25–85)

113 (67–168)

0.009

Glucose parameters

 HbA1c (%)

5.9 (5.6–6.3)

6.9 (6.1–7.3)

<0.0001

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

41 (38–45)

52 (43–56)

<0.0001

 Median glycemia (mg/dl)

116 (107–128)

131 (110–166)

0.034

 % of time at glycemia

  <60 mg/dl

0 (0–1)

4 (1–10)

0.001

  80–110 mg/dl

36 ± 15

25 ± 12

0.006

  >150 mg/dl

32 ± 15

24 ± 11

0.001

  >200 mg/dl

3 ± 15

15 ± 20

0.001

  60–150 mg/dl

83 ± 12

63 ± 23

<0.0001

  70–180 mg/dl

90 ± 11

69 ± 19

<0.0001

 Nr of art blood glc measurements/day

10 ± 4

10 ± 3

NS

 Glucose variability parameters

  SD (mg/dl)

28 (21–35)

53 (40–75)

<0.0001

  Coefficient of variation (%)

23 (19–30)

38 (29–51)

<0.0001

  IQR

38 (28–45)

66 (41–108)

<0.0001

  MAGE (mg/dl)

49 (35–66)

87 (56–127)

0.002

  MODD (mg/dl)

35 (26–42)

59 (35–116)

<0.0001

  M-100

4 (2–5)

12 (6–29)

<0.0001

  CONGA1 (mg/dl)

15 (13–20)

30 (19–41)

<0.0001

  CONGA2 (mg/dl)

22 (17–30)

44 (26–59)

<0.0001

  CONGA4 (mg/dl)

30 (21–43)

60 (37–86)

<0.0001

  LBGI

0.7 (0.3–1.8)

2.3 (0.9–3.7)

0.013

  HBGI

1.2 (0.4–1.8)

3.0 (1.4–10.3)

0.002

  Glucose variability

28 (20–34)

44 (34–79)

<0.0001