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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients and procedures at baseline, as well as short-term patient outcomes

From: Diagnosis of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: differential roles of creatinine, chitinase 3-like protein 1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a prospective cohort study

No. (%)

[95% CI]

All patients

203 (100)

[98.1–100]

AKI stage ≥1a within 48 h

95 (46.8)

[40.1–53.7]

No AKIa within 48 h

108 (53.2)

[46.3–59.9]

P value

Characteristic

Male sex—no. (%) [95% CI]

133 (65.5)

[58.7–71.7]

65 (68.4)

[58.5–76.9]

68 (63.0)

[53.6–71.5]

0.461

White race—no. (%) [95% CI]

202 (99.5)

[97.3–99.9]

95 (100)

[96.1–100]

107 (99.1)

[94.9–99.8]

1.000

Ageb (IQR)—years

70.0 (61.0–76.0)

74.0 (65.0–80.0)

67.0 (58.0–75.0)

<0.001

BMI (IQR)

27 (24–29)

27 (25–31)

26 (23–29)

0.004

Medical history

Reference renal function (IQR)

 SCr—mg/dl

0.90 (0.75–1.05)

0.99 (0.81–1.16)

0.82 (0.70–0.95)

<0.001

 eGFRCKD-EPI—ml/min/1.73 m2

82 (64–94)

73 (54–85)

87 (77–97)

<0.001

DM—no. (%) [95% CI]

   

0.025

 Type 1

2 (1.0)

[0.3–3.5]

2 (2.1)

[0.6–7.4]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.4]

 

 Type 2

46 (22.7)

[17.4–28.9]

28 (29.5)

[21.2–39.3]

18 (16.7)

[10.8–24.8]

 

 No DM

155 (76.4)

[70.1–81.7]

65 (68.4)

[58.5–76.9]

90 (83.3)

[75.2–89.2]

 

Heart failure—no. (%) [95% CI]

   

0.252

 NYHA class I

145 (71.4)

[64.9–77.2]

64 (67.4)

[57.4–76.0]

81 (75.0)

[66.1–82.2]

 

 NYHA class II

36 (17.7)

[13.1–23.6]

17 (17.9)

[11.5–26.8]

19 (17.6)

[11.6–25.8]

 

 NYHA class III

20 (9.9)

[6.5–14.7]

12 (12.6)

[7.4–20.8]

8 (7.4)

[3.8–13.9]

 

 NYHA class IV

2 (1.0)

[0.3–3.5]

2 (2.1)

[0.6–7.4]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.4]

 

Clinical examination

Blood pressure (IQR)—mm Hg

 Systolic

134 (122–149)

132 (122–150)

134 (120–149)

0.704

 Diastolic

72 (64–78)

72 (63–78)

71 (66–78)

0.619

 Mean

93 (85–101)

92 (84–102)

93 (86–100)

0.734

Heart rhythm—no. (%) [95% CI]

   

0.074

 Atrial fibrillation

16 (7.9)

[4.9–12.4]

11 (11.6)

[6.6–19.6]

5 (4.6)

[2.0–10.4]

 

 Normal sinus rhythm

187 (92.1)

[87.6–95.1]

84 (88.4)

[80.4–93.4]

103 (95.4)

[89.6–98.0]

 

 Heart rate in normal sinus rhythm (IQR)—bpm

(N = 187)

69 (61–79)

70 (62–81)

69 (60–76)

0.143

Distribution of ejection fraction—no. (%) [95% CI]

   

0.531

 ≤20%

5 (2.5)

[1.1–5.6]

4 (4.2)

[1.6–10.3]

1 (0.9)

[0.2–5.1]

 

 21–30%

3 (1.5)

[0.5–4.3]

2 (2.1)

[0.6–7.4]

1 (0.9)

[0.2–5.1]

 

 31–50%

33 (16.3)

[11.8–22.0]

16 (16.8)

[10.6–25.6]

17 (15.7)

[10.1–23.8]

 

 >50%

119 (58.6)

[51.7–65.2]

55 (57.9)

[47.8–67.3]

64 (59.3)

[49.8–68.1]

 

Index surgical procedure

EuroSCORE (IQR)

5 (3–8)

6 (4–9)

5 (2–7)

0.004

Type of cardiac surgical procedure—no. (%) [95% CI]

   

0.005

 Isolated CABG

93 (45.8)

[39.1–52.7]

34 (35.8)

[26.9–45.8]

59 (54.6)

[45.2–63.7]

 

 Isolated valve repair or replacement

55 (27.1)

[21.4–33.6]

28 (29.5)

[21.2–39.3]

27 (25.0)

[17.8–33.9]

 

 CABG and valve repair or replacement

34 (16.7)

[12.2–22.5]

25 (26.3)

[18.5–36.0]

9 (8.3)

[4.4–15.1]

 

 Aortic root

12 (5.9)

[3.4–10.0]

5 (5.3)

[2.3–11.7]

7 (6.5)

[3.2–12.8]

 

 Other

9 (4.4)

[2.3–8.2]

3 (3.2)

[1.1–8.9]

6 (5.6)

[2.6–11.6]

 

ECC—no. (%) [95% CI]

   

0.516

 Yes

179 (88.2)

[83.0–91.9]

82 (86.3)

[78.0–91.8]

97 (89.8)

[82.7–94.2]

 

 No

24 (11.8)

[8.1–17.0]

13 (13.7)

[8.2–22.0]

11 (10.2)

[5.8–17.3]

 

 Duration of ECC (IQR)—min

N = 179

91.5 (70.8–123.3)

92.0 (70.3–131.3)

91.5 (70.3–117.8)

0.527

 Priming volume of ECC pump (IQR)—ml

N = 179

1300 (1200–1500)

1300 (1200–1500)

1300 (1150–1400)

0.246

 Duration of aortic clamp during ECC (IQR)—min

N = 179

56.0 (42.8–82.0)

62.0 (45.0–88.0)

55.0 (40.5–74.5)

0.174

 Duration of ischaemia during ECC (IQR)—min

N = 179

54.0 (39.0–78.0)

61.0 (43.0–81.0)

52.0 (37.8–70.5)

0.164

 Duration of surgery (IQR)—h

4.6 (3.9–5.2)

4.7 (3.9–5.3)

4.5 (3.9–5.1)

0.196

 IABP peri-operatively—no. (%) [95% CI]

7 (3.4)

[1.7–6.9]

2 (2.1)

[0.6–7.4]

5 (4.6)

[2.0–10.4]

0.452

Medication—no. (%) [95% CI]

Statins

127 (62.6)

[55.7–68.9]

63 (66.3)

[56.3–75.0]

64 (59.3)

[49.8–68.1]

0.313

ACE inhibitors

56 (27.6)

[21.9–34.1]

28 (29.5)

[21.2–39.3]

28 (25.9)

[18.6–34.9]

0.638

ARBs

7 (3.4)

[1.7–6.9]

6 (6.3)

[2.9–13.1]

1 (0.9)

[0.2–5.1]

0.052

Diuretics

51 (25.1)

[19.7–31.5]

36 (37.9)

[28.8–47.9]

15 (13.9)

[8.6–21.7]

<0.001

NSAIDs

4 (2.0)

[0.8–5.0]

1 (1.1)

[0.2–5.7]

3 (2.8)

[0.9–7.9]

0.624

Corticosteroids

13 (6.4)

[3.8–10.6]

8 (8.4)

[4.3–15.7]

5 (4.6)

[2.0–10.4]

0.390

Tacrolimus

0 (0.0)

[0.0–1.9]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.9]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.4]

NA

Cyclosporine

2 (1.0)

[0.3–3.5]

2 (2.1)

[0.6–7.4]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.4]

0.218

Aminoglycosides

3 (1.5)

[0.5–4.3]

1 (1.1)

[0.2–5.7]

2 (1.9)

[0.5–6.5]

1.000

Corticosteroids intra-operatively

0 (0.0)

[0.0–1.9]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.9]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.4]

NA

Iodinated contrast ≤72 h before surgery

37 (18.2)

[13.5–24.1]

14 (14.7)

[9.0–23.2]

23 (21.3)

[14.6–29.9]

0.275

Outcomes

RRT in ICU—no. (%) [95% CI]

3 (1.5)

[0.5–4.3]

3 (3.2)

[1.1–8.9]

0 (0.0)

[0.0–3.4]

0.101

ICU LOS (IQR)—d

1 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

1 (1–2)

<0.001

Hospital LOS (IQR)—d

12 (9–16)

13 (10–20)

10 (9–13)

<0.001

  1. ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AKI acute kidney injury, ARB angiotensin-II receptor blocker, BMI body mass index, bpm beats per minute, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CI confidence interval, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, DM diabetes mellitus, ECC extracorporeal circulation, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, EuroSCORE European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation, h hour, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, ICU intensive care unit, IQR interquartile range, KDIGO Kidney Disease|Improving Global Outcomes, LOS length of stay, min minute, no. number, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NYHA New York Heart Association, RRT renal replacement therapy, SCr serum creatinine, UO urine output
  2. aKDIGO definitions for the diagnosis and staging of AKI, which are based on SCr and UO
  3. bDetermined at the day of surgery
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