Table 1 Characteristics of the patients and procedures at baseline, as well as short-term patient outcomes
|
No. (%) [95% CI] |
All patients 203 (100) [98.1–100] |
AKI stage ≥1a within 48 h 95 (46.8) [40.1–53.7] |
No AKIa within 48 h 108 (53.2) [46.3–59.9] | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | ||||
| Male sex—no. (%) [95% CI] |
133 (65.5) [58.7–71.7] |
65 (68.4) [58.5–76.9] |
68 (63.0) [53.6–71.5] | 0.461 |
| White race—no. (%) [95% CI] |
202 (99.5) [97.3–99.9] |
95 (100) [96.1–100] |
107 (99.1) [94.9–99.8] | 1.000 |
| Ageb (IQR)—years | 70.0 (61.0–76.0) | 74.0 (65.0–80.0) | 67.0 (58.0–75.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI (IQR) | 27 (24–29) | 27 (25–31) | 26 (23–29) | 0.004 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Reference renal function (IQR) | ||||
| SCr—mg/dl | 0.90 (0.75–1.05) | 0.99 (0.81–1.16) | 0.82 (0.70–0.95) | <0.001 |
| eGFRCKD-EPI—ml/min/1.73 m2 | 82 (64–94) | 73 (54–85) | 87 (77–97) | <0.001 |
| DM—no. (%) [95% CI] | 0.025 | |||
| Type 1 |
2 (1.0) [0.3–3.5] |
2 (2.1) [0.6–7.4] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.4] | |
| Type 2 |
46 (22.7) [17.4–28.9] |
28 (29.5) [21.2–39.3] |
18 (16.7) [10.8–24.8] | |
| No DM |
155 (76.4) [70.1–81.7] |
65 (68.4) [58.5–76.9] |
90 (83.3) [75.2–89.2] | |
| Heart failure—no. (%) [95% CI] | 0.252 | |||
| NYHA class I |
145 (71.4) [64.9–77.2] |
64 (67.4) [57.4–76.0] |
81 (75.0) [66.1–82.2] | |
| NYHA class II |
36 (17.7) [13.1–23.6] |
17 (17.9) [11.5–26.8] |
19 (17.6) [11.6–25.8] | |
| NYHA class III |
20 (9.9) [6.5–14.7] |
12 (12.6) [7.4–20.8] |
8 (7.4) [3.8–13.9] | |
| NYHA class IV |
2 (1.0) [0.3–3.5] |
2 (2.1) [0.6–7.4] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.4] | |
| Clinical examination | ||||
| Blood pressure (IQR)—mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 134 (122–149) | 132 (122–150) | 134 (120–149) | 0.704 |
| Diastolic | 72 (64–78) | 72 (63–78) | 71 (66–78) | 0.619 |
| Mean | 93 (85–101) | 92 (84–102) | 93 (86–100) | 0.734 |
| Heart rhythm—no. (%) [95% CI] | 0.074 | |||
| Atrial fibrillation |
16 (7.9) [4.9–12.4] |
11 (11.6) [6.6–19.6] |
5 (4.6) [2.0–10.4] | |
| Normal sinus rhythm |
187 (92.1) [87.6–95.1] |
84 (88.4) [80.4–93.4] |
103 (95.4) [89.6–98.0] | |
|
Heart rate in normal sinus rhythm (IQR)—bpm (N = 187) | 69 (61–79) | 70 (62–81) | 69 (60–76) | 0.143 |
| Distribution of ejection fraction—no. (%) [95% CI] | 0.531 | |||
| ≤20% |
5 (2.5) [1.1–5.6] |
4 (4.2) [1.6–10.3] |
1 (0.9) [0.2–5.1] | |
| 21–30% |
3 (1.5) [0.5–4.3] |
2 (2.1) [0.6–7.4] |
1 (0.9) [0.2–5.1] | |
| 31–50% |
33 (16.3) [11.8–22.0] |
16 (16.8) [10.6–25.6] |
17 (15.7) [10.1–23.8] | |
| >50% |
119 (58.6) [51.7–65.2] |
55 (57.9) [47.8–67.3] |
64 (59.3) [49.8–68.1] | |
| Index surgical procedure | ||||
| EuroSCORE (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 6 (4–9) | 5 (2–7) | 0.004 |
| Type of cardiac surgical procedure—no. (%) [95% CI] | 0.005 | |||
| Isolated CABG |
93 (45.8) [39.1–52.7] |
34 (35.8) [26.9–45.8] |
59 (54.6) [45.2–63.7] | |
| Isolated valve repair or replacement |
55 (27.1) [21.4–33.6] |
28 (29.5) [21.2–39.3] |
27 (25.0) [17.8–33.9] | |
| CABG and valve repair or replacement |
34 (16.7) [12.2–22.5] |
25 (26.3) [18.5–36.0] |
9 (8.3) [4.4–15.1] | |
| Aortic root |
12 (5.9) [3.4–10.0] |
5 (5.3) [2.3–11.7] |
7 (6.5) [3.2–12.8] | |
| Other |
9 (4.4) [2.3–8.2] |
3 (3.2) [1.1–8.9] |
6 (5.6) [2.6–11.6] | |
| ECC—no. (%) [95% CI] | 0.516 | |||
| Yes |
179 (88.2) [83.0–91.9] |
82 (86.3) [78.0–91.8] |
97 (89.8) [82.7–94.2] | |
| No |
24 (11.8) [8.1–17.0] |
13 (13.7) [8.2–22.0] |
11 (10.2) [5.8–17.3] | |
|
Duration of ECC (IQR)—min N = 179 | 91.5 (70.8–123.3) | 92.0 (70.3–131.3) | 91.5 (70.3–117.8) | 0.527 |
|
Priming volume of ECC pump (IQR)—ml N = 179 | 1300 (1200–1500) | 1300 (1200–1500) | 1300 (1150–1400) | 0.246 |
|
Duration of aortic clamp during ECC (IQR)—min N = 179 | 56.0 (42.8–82.0) | 62.0 (45.0–88.0) | 55.0 (40.5–74.5) | 0.174 |
|
Duration of ischaemia during ECC (IQR)—min N = 179 | 54.0 (39.0–78.0) | 61.0 (43.0–81.0) | 52.0 (37.8–70.5) | 0.164 |
| Duration of surgery (IQR)—h | 4.6 (3.9–5.2) | 4.7 (3.9–5.3) | 4.5 (3.9–5.1) | 0.196 |
| IABP peri-operatively—no. (%) [95% CI] |
7 (3.4) [1.7–6.9] |
2 (2.1) [0.6–7.4] |
5 (4.6) [2.0–10.4] | 0.452 |
| Medication—no. (%) [95% CI] | ||||
| Statins |
127 (62.6) [55.7–68.9] |
63 (66.3) [56.3–75.0] |
64 (59.3) [49.8–68.1] | 0.313 |
| ACE inhibitors |
56 (27.6) [21.9–34.1] |
28 (29.5) [21.2–39.3] |
28 (25.9) [18.6–34.9] | 0.638 |
| ARBs |
7 (3.4) [1.7–6.9] |
6 (6.3) [2.9–13.1] |
1 (0.9) [0.2–5.1] | 0.052 |
| Diuretics |
51 (25.1) [19.7–31.5] |
36 (37.9) [28.8–47.9] |
15 (13.9) [8.6–21.7] | <0.001 |
| NSAIDs |
4 (2.0) [0.8–5.0] |
1 (1.1) [0.2–5.7] |
3 (2.8) [0.9–7.9] | 0.624 |
| Corticosteroids |
13 (6.4) [3.8–10.6] |
8 (8.4) [4.3–15.7] |
5 (4.6) [2.0–10.4] | 0.390 |
| Tacrolimus |
0 (0.0) [0.0–1.9] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.9] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.4] | NA |
| Cyclosporine |
2 (1.0) [0.3–3.5] |
2 (2.1) [0.6–7.4] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.4] | 0.218 |
| Aminoglycosides |
3 (1.5) [0.5–4.3] |
1 (1.1) [0.2–5.7] |
2 (1.9) [0.5–6.5] | 1.000 |
| Corticosteroids intra-operatively |
0 (0.0) [0.0–1.9] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.9] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.4] | NA |
| Iodinated contrast ≤72 h before surgery |
37 (18.2) [13.5–24.1] |
14 (14.7) [9.0–23.2] |
23 (21.3) [14.6–29.9] | 0.275 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| RRT in ICU—no. (%) [95% CI] |
3 (1.5) [0.5–4.3] |
3 (3.2) [1.1–8.9] |
0 (0.0) [0.0–3.4] | 0.101 |
| ICU LOS (IQR)—d | 1 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 |
| Hospital LOS (IQR)—d | 12 (9–16) | 13 (10–20) | 10 (9–13) | <0.001 |
