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Table 2 Odds ratios for the emergence of antipseudomonal antibiotic resistance by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in relation to antibiotic duration

From: Emergence of antimicrobial resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intensive care unit: association with the duration of antibiotic exposure and mode of administration

Antibiotic duration

Number of patients

Events (%)

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) adjusted for age, gender and SAPS 3 scores

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) adjusted for age, gender, SAPS 3 scores and length of stay

Piperacillin–tazobactam (n = 176)

 Reference (i.e., use of other antibiotic than piperacillin–tazobactam or no antibiotic)

65

13 (21.2)

1

1

 1–3 days

17

6 (35.3)

2.5 (0.8–8.0)

2.3 (0.7–8.2)

 4–7 days

29

11 (37.9)

2.3 (0.8–6.1)

2.2 (0.7–6.4)

 8–15 days

34

9 (26.5)

1.5 (0.6–4.1)

1.5 (0.5–4.3)

 >15 days

29

16 (55.2)

4.7 (1.8–12.4)

1.7 (0.6–5.3)

Ceftazidime (n = 171)

 Reference (i.e., use of other antibiotic than ceftazidime or no antibiotic)

99

22 (22.2)

1

1

 1–3 days

13

0

NA

NA

 4–7 days

12

8 (66.7)

1.7 (0.4–6.6)

1.7 (0.4–7.4)

 8–15 days

34

14 (41.2)

2.6 (1.1–6.0)

1.7 (0.7–4.3)

 >15 days

13

7 (53.8)

3.4 (1.0–12.4)

0.7 (0.2–3.4)

Ciprofloxacin (n = 128)

 Reference (i.e., use of other antibiotic than ciprofloxacin or no antibiotic)

78

7 (9)

1

1

 1–3 days

18

2 (5.6)

1.5 (0.3–7.9)

2.0 (0.3–11.7)

 4–7 days

10

0

0

0

 8–15 days

13

3 (23.1)

2.7 (0.5–13.3)

1.4 (0.2–850)

 >15 days

9

5 (55.6)

14.5 (2.8–75.0)

1.9 (0.2–15.6)

Meropenem (n = 123)

 Reference (i.e., use of other antibiotic than meropenem or no antibiotic)

64

3 (4.7)

1

1

 1–3 days

13

0 (0)

0.0

0.0

 4–7 days

9

2 (5.6)

4.9 (0.7–37.2)

3.4 (0.4–30.2)

 8–15 days

21

17 (81.0)

104.5 (19.8–551.0)

79.1 (14.9–421.0)

 >15 days

16

5 (31.2)

10.0 (2.0–49.5)

4.6 (1.7–32.2)

Amikacin (n = 148)

 Reference (i.e., use of other antibiotic than amikacin or no antibiotic)

87

10 (11.5)

1

1

 1–3 days

41

7 (17.1)

1.3 (0.4–4.2)

0.7 (0.2–2.6)

 4–7 days

13

1 (7.7)

0.3 (0.03–3.0)

0.1 (0.01–2.2)

 8–15 days

7

1 (14.3)

0.5 (0.05–5.1)

0.1 (0.01–2.9)

 >15 days

0

0

0.0

0.0

  1. Statistically significant at p < 0.05