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Table 1 Studies characteristics

From: Piperacillin–tazobactam as alternative to carbapenems for ICU patients

Author/year of publication

Study design, region

No. of patients, ESBL/total

Type of infection (n, %)

Bacteria (n, %)

ICU (n,  %)

ETC/DTC

Treatment (n, %)

MIC

Administration (CI, PI or II)

Posology

Apisarnthanarak et al. [52]

SC case–control,

2003–2007, Thailand

36/146

UK (36, 100%)

E. coli

K. pneumoniae

UK

ETC (36, 100%)

Cephalosporins (17, 47.2%)

BL/BLI (10, 27.8%)

Carbapenem (5, 13.9%)

Fluoroquinolones (4, 11.1%)

N

UK

UK

Balakrishnan et al. [94]

MC retrospective cohort, 2008–2010, United Kingdom

42/42

UK

UK

UK

DTC (42, 100%)

Temocillin (42, 100%)

Y

II

Y

Bin et al. [95]

SC prospective cohort, 2002–2005, China

22/22

IIA (11, 50%)

Primary bacteraemia (6, 27.2%)

UTI (5, 22.7%)

E. coli (22, 100%)

UK

DTC (22, 100%)

Carbapenem (8, 36.4%)

Cephalosporins (7, 31.8%)

BL/BLI (7, 31.8%)

Y

Y

UK

Chaubey et al. [96]

MC prospective cohort, 2000–2007, Canada

79/79

Primary bacteraemia (39, 49.3%)

UTI (38, 48.1%)

Pneumonia (2, 2.5%)

IIA (1, 1.3%)

E. coli (72, 91.1%)

K. pneumoniae (7, 8.9%)

UK

ETC (74, 93.7%)

DTC (79, 100%)

Carbapenem (16, 20.2%)

BL/BLI (16, 20.2%)

Aminoglycosides (16, 20.2%)

Fluoroquinolones (16, 20.2%)

Cephalosporins (16, 20.2%)

Carbapenem (16, 20.2%)

BL/BLI (16, 20.2%)

Fluoroquinolones (16, 20.2%)

Sulfamides (16, 20.2%)

Aminoglycosides (16, 20.2%)

N

UK

UK

Chopra et al. [50]

MC retrospective cohort, 2005–2007, USA

145/145

UK

E. coli (24, 16.6%)

K. pneumoniae (121, 83.4%)

Y (37, 25,5%)

ETC (128, 88.2%)

DTC (110)

Cephalosporins (85, 58.6%)

Carbapenem (50, 34.4%)

Fluoroquinolones (6, 3.9%)

Aminoglycosides (4, 3.1%)

Carbapenem (103, 70.9%)

Cephalosporins (41, 28.2%)

BL/BLI (24, 16.4%)

Fluoroquinolones (17, 11.8%)

Amikacin (17, 11.8%)

Tigecycline (12, 8.2%)

Y

UK

UK

Chung et al. [97]

SC retrospective cohort, 2005–2010, Taiwan

122/122

UTI (47, 38.5%)

Primary bacteraemia (21, 17.2%)

IIA (22, 18%)

Pneumonia (6, 4.9%)

CVC (6, 4.9%)

Skin and soft tissue (4, 3.3%)

Surgical site infection (3, 2.5%)

Other (13, 10.7%)

E. coli (122, 100%)

UK

DTC (107 87.7%)

Carbapenem (71, 57.9%)

Non-BL/BLI (48, 39.3%)

BL/BLI (3, 2.8%)

N

UK

UK

De Rosa et al. [98]

SC retrospective cohort, 2000–2007, Italy

128/128

Primary bacteraemia (61, 47.6%)

IIA (55, 43%)

UTI (12, 9.4%)

E. coli (80, 62.5%)

K. pneumoniae (28, 21.9%)

P. mirabilis (20, 15.6%)

Y (8, 6.3%)

ETC (97 75.8%)

Carbapenem (101, 79.3%)

BL/BLI (10, 8.2%)

Fluoroquinolone (8, 6.2%)

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1, 1%)

Aminoglycosides (8, 6.2%)

N

UK

UK

Du et al. [16]

SC retrospective cohort, 1997–1999, China

23/85

Primary bacteraemia (9, 39.1%)

IIA (5, 21.7%)

Pneumonia (4, 17.4%)

UTI (2, 8.7%)

CVC (2, 8.7%)

Other (1, 4.4%)

E. coli (16, 69.5%)

K. pneumoniae (7, 30.5%)

N

DTC (23, 100%)

Carbapenem (13, 56.5%)

Cephalosporins (7, 30.4%)

Fluoroquinolone (2, 8.7%)

Aminoglycosides (1, 4.4%)

N

UK

UK

Endimiani et al. [99]

SC retrospective cohort, 1997–2004, Italy

9/23

Primary bacteraemia (5, 55.6%)

UTI (4, 44.4%)

P. mirabilis (9, 100%)

UK

ETC (9, 100%)

DTC (9, 100%)

Cephalosporins (5, 55.6%)

BL/BLI (4, 44.4%)

Cephalosporins (4, 44.4%)

BL/BLI (3, 33.3%)

Carbapenem (2, 22.3%)

Y

Y

UK

Ferrandez et al. [100]

Retrospective cohort, 2000–2006, Spain

53/53

UK

E. coli

K. pneumoniae

UK

Carbapenem (30, 56.6%)

BL/BLI (5, 9.4%)

Fluoroquinolone (4, 7.5%)

Cephalosporins (2, 3.8%)

Other (12, 22.7%)

Y

UK

UK

Gudiol et al. [101]

SC prospective observational study, 2006–2008, Spain

17/135

Primary bacteraemia (9, 52.9%)

IIA (6, 35.3%)

UTI (1, 5.9%)

Other (1, 5.9%)

E. coli (17, 100%)

Y (2, 12%)

ETC (17, 100%)

DTC (17, 100%)

BL/BLI (6, 35.3%)

Carbapenem (5, 29.4%)

Cephalosporins (5, 29.4%)

Monobactam (1, 5.9%)

Carbapenem (14, 82.3%)

BL/BLI (2, 11.8%)

Fluoroquinolone (1, 5.9%)

N

UK

UK

Gutiérez-Gutiérez et al. [51]

MC, retrospective cohort study, 2004–2013, International

601/601

UTI (272, 45.2%)

Other (258, 42.9%)

IIA (71, 11.8%)

E. coli (439, 73%)

K. pneumoniae (114, 19%)

Other (48, 8%)

Y (64, 10.7%)

ETC (365, 60.7%)

DTC (601, 100%)

Carbapenem (195, 53.5%)

BL/BLI (169, 46.5%)

Carbapenem (509, 84.7%)

BL/BLI (92, 15.3%)

N

Y

II

Harris et al. [102]

SC retrospective cohort study, 2012–2013, China

92/92

UTI (43, 46.7%)

Primary bacteramia (39, 42.2%)

IIA (10, 11.1%)

E. coli (79, 85.9%)

K. pneumoniae (13, 14.1%)

Y (11, 12.1%)

DTC (47, 51%)

Carbapenem (23, 48.9%)

BL/BLI (24, 51.1%)

N

Y

II

Kang et al. [17]

SC retrospective cohort study, 1998–2002, South Korea

133/133

IIA (82, 61.6%)

Primary bacteraemia (33, 24.8%)

UTI (14, 10.5%)

Pneumonia (4, 3.1%)

E. coli (67, 50.4%)

K. pneumoniae (66, 49.6%)

N

ETC (133, 100%)

DTC (133, 100%)

Non cephalosporins (29, 21.8%)

Cephalosporins (104, 78.2%)

Non cephalosporins (101, 75.9%)

Cephalosporins (32, 24.1%)

Y

UK

UK

Kang et al. [69]

MC retrospective cohorts, 2008–2010, South Korea

114/114

UK

E. coli (78, 68.4%)

K. pneumonia (36, 31.6%)

UK

ETC (114 100%)

Carbapenem (78, 68.4%)

Piperacillin/tazobactam (36, 31.6%)

N

UK

UK

Lee et al. [53]

SC retrospective cohort, 2004–2005, Taiwan

27/27

Pneumonia (15, 55.5%)

IIA (5, 18.5%)

UTI (3, 11.1%)

Primary bacteraemia (3, 11.1%)

Other (1, 3.8%)

K. pneumonia (27, 100%)

Y (13, 48.1%)

DTC (27, 100%)

Carbapenem (20, 74%)

Flomoxef (7, 26%)

Y

UK

UK

Lee and al. [21]

SC retrospective cohort, 2001–2008, Taiwan

121/206

CVC (48, 39.6%)

Primary bacteraemia (32, 26.4%)

Pneumonia (12, 9.9%)

SSTI (9, 7.4%)

UTI (9, 7.4%)

IIA (6, 4.9%)

Other (5, 4.3%)

E. cloacae (121, 100%)

Y (78, 64.4%)

ETC (114, 94.2%)

DTC (114, 94.2%)

Cephalosporins (59, 49.1%)

Carbapenem (26, 21%)

BL/BLI (14, 11.4%)

Other beta-lactam (13, 10.5%)

Fluoroquinolones (3, 2.6%)

Other Antibiotics (6, 5.4%)

Carbapenem (53, 46.5%)

Cephalosporins (38, 33.3%)

Fluoroquinolones (16, 14%)

BL/BLI (3, 2.6%)

Other β-lactam (3, 2.6%)

Other antibiotic therapy (1, 1%)

N

UK

UK

Lee et al. [54]

MC retrospective cohort, 2002–2007, Taiwan

178/178

Pneumonia (43, 24.1%)

UTI (39, 21.9%)

CVC (37, 20.8%)

IIA (28, 15.7%)

Primary bacteraemia (25, 14%)

SSTI (11, 6.3%)

ND

UK

DTC (178, 100%)

Carbapenem (161, 90,4%)

Cefepime (17, 9.6%)

Y

Y

II

Lee et al. [103]

MC retrospective cohort, 2007–2012, Taiwan

389/389

UTI (88, 22.6%)

CVC (86, 22.1%)

Pneumonia (80, 20.5%)

IIA (61, 15.7%)

Primary bacteraemia (62, 16%)

SSTI (12, 3.1%)

E. coli (156, 40.1%)

K. pneumoniae (233, 59.9%)

UK

DTC (389, 100%)

Carbapenem (257, 66%)

Flomoxef (132, 34%)

Y

UK

UK

Matsumura et al. [104]

MC retrospective cohort, 2005–2014, Japan

113/1440

UTI (57, 50.4%)

IIA (32, 28.3%)

Primary bacteraemia (19, 16.8%)

Other (5, 4.5%)

E. coli (113, 100%)

UK

ETC (71, 62.8%)

DTC (113, 100%)

Carbapenem (45, 63.7%)

Cefmetazole/flomoxef (26, 36.6%)

Carbapenem (54, 47.8%)

Cefmetazole/flomoxef (59, 52.2%)

Y

UK

UK

Ofer-Friedman et al. [20]

MC retrospective cohort, 2008–2012, International

79/79

Pneumonia (27, 34.2%)

SSTI (22, 27.8%)

IIA (20, 25.3%)

Primary bacteraemia (6, 7.6%)

Undetermined (4, 5.1%)

E. coli (42, 53.1%)

K. pneumoniae (22, 27.8%)

P. mirabilis (15, 19.1%)

> 50%

ETC (33, 41.8%)

DTC (79, 100%)

Carbapenem (24, 72.7%)

Piperacillin/tazobactam (9, 27.3%)

Carbapenem (69, 87.3%)

Piperacillin/tazobactam (10, 12.7%)

Y

UK

UK

Qureshi et al. [105]

MC retrospective cohort, 2005–2008, USA

21/UK

UK

E. cloacae (21, 100%)

UK

ETC (21, 100%)

Cephalosporins (9, 42.8%)

Carbapenem (8, 38%)

BL/BLI (4, 19.2%)

Y

UK

UK

Paterson et al. [55]

Post hoc analysis MC prospective cohort, 1996–1997, International

85/455

UK

K. pneumoniae (85, 100%)

UK

ETC (71, 83.5%)

Monotherapy

Carbapenem (27, 38%)

Fluoroquinolones (11, 15.5%)

Cephalosporins (5, 7%)

BL/BLI (4, 5.6%)

Aminoglycosides (2, 2.8%)

Combination therapy (15, 21.1%)

Sequential monotherapy (7, 10%)

N

UK

UK

Pilmis et al. [106]

MC retrospective cohort, 2011, France

13/13

Primary bacteraemia (11, 84.6%)

UTI (2, 15.4%)

E. coli (5, 38.4%)

K. pneumoniae (7, 53.8%)

E. cloacae (1, 7.8%)

UK

ETC (13, 100%)

DTC (13, 100%)

Carbapenem (12, 92.3%)

Cefoxitin (1, 7.7%)

Carbapenem (11, 84.6%)

Cefoxitin (2, 15.4%)

N

UK

UK

Retamar et al. [107]

Post hoc analysis MC prospective cohort, 2001–2007, Spain

39/39

UTI (11, 28.2%)

Other source (28, 71.8%)

E. coli (39, 100%)

UK

ETC (39, 100%)

BL/BLI (39, 100%)

Y

UK

UK

Rodriguez-Bano et al. [12]

Post hoc analysis MC prospective cohorts, 2001–2007, Spain

192/192

UTI or IIA (121, 63%)

Other sources (71, 37%)

E. coli (192, 100%)

Y (24, 12.6%)

ETC (103, 53.6%)

DTC (174, 90.6%)

Carbapenem (31, 30%)

BL/BLI (72, 70%)

Carbapenem (120, 68.9%)

BL/BLI (53, 31.1%)

N

UK

UK

Tamma et al. [19]

MC, Prospective cohort, 2008–2015, USA

213/331

CVC (97, 45.5%)

IIA (55, 25.8%)

UTI (44, 20.6%)

Pneumonia (17, 8.1%)

K. pneumoniae (145, 68%)

E. coli (66, 31%)

P. mirabilis (2, 1%)

Y (71, 33.3%)

ETC (213, 100%)

Carbapenem (110, 51.6%)

BL/BLI (103, 48.4%)

Y

UK

UK

Tsai et al. [108]

MC retrospective cohort, 2005–2012, Taiwan

47/47

UTI (24, 51%)

Pneumonia (9, 19.1%)

SSTI (7, 14.9%)

CVC (5, 10.6%)

IIA (3, 6.4%)

Primary bacteraemia (2, 4.3%)

P. mirabilis (47, 100%)

UK

DTC (40, 85.1%)

Carbapenem (21, 52.5%)

BL/BLI (13, 32.5%)

Other antibiotic therapy (6, 15%)

Y

UK

UK

Tumbarello et al. [109]

SC retrospective cohort, 1999–2004, Italy

186/186

Primary bacteraemia (86, 46.2%)

UTI (53, 28.4%)

IIA (24, 12.9%)

SSTI (20, 10.7%)

Pneumonia (6, 3.2%)

CVC (5, 2.7%)

E. coli (104, 55.9%)

K. pneumoniae (58, 31.2%)

P. mirabilis (24, 12.9%)

UK

ETC (186 100%)

DTC (171, 91.9%)

BL/BLI (45, 24.2%)

Fluoroquinolones (45, 24.2%)

Cephalosporins (38, 20.9%)

Carbapenems (29, 15.4%)

Aminoglycosides (29, 15.4%)

Carbapenems (61, 35.7%)

BL/BLI (55, 32.2%)

Aminoglycosides (30, 17.5%)

Fluoroquinolones (25, 14.6%)

Y

UK

UK

Tuon et al. [110]

SC retrospective cohort, 2006–2009, Brazil

28/58

UK

E. cloacae (28, 100%)

UK

DTC (25, 89.2%)

Carbapenems (15, 60%)

BL/BLI (4, 16%)

Non-BL/BLI (6, 24%)

N

UK

UK

Tuon et al. [90]

SC retrospective cohort, 2006–2009, Brazil

63/104

UK

K. pneumoniae (63, 100%)

UK

DTC (62, 98.4%)

Carbapenems (43, 69.3%)

Non-BL/BLI (17, 27.4%)

BL/BLI (2, 3.1%)

N

UK

UK

Wang et al. [95]

MC, prospective cohort, 2006–2015, USA

68/68

CVC (30, 44.1%)

UTI (21, 30.9%)

IIA (15, 22.1%)

Pneumonia (10, 14.7%)

SSTI (2, 2.9%)

Klebsiella sp. (42, 62%)

E. coli (24, 34%)

P. mirabilis (2, 3%)

Y (20, 29%)

ETC (68, 100%)

Carbapenem (51, 75%)

Cephalosporins (17, 25%)

N

UK

UK

  1. BL/BLI beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor, CVC central venous catheter, DTC definitive therapy cohort, ETC empirical therapy cohort, ICU intensive care unit, IIA intra-abdominal infection, MC multicentric, SC single center, SSTI skin and soft tissue infection, UK unknown, UTI urinary tract infection