Table 2 Mechanisms/causes of hypoxemiaa and radiological findings according to severity of hypoxemia on the day of the study
From: Hypoxemia in the ICU: prevalence, treatment, and outcome
All hypoxemic patients, n = 859 | Mild hypoxemia, n = 440 | Moderate hypoxemia, n = 345 | Severe hypoxemia, n = 74 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pneumonia, N (%) (n = 852/440/339/73) | 453 (53.2) | 189 (43.0) | 204 (60.2) | 60 (82.2) | < 0.001 |
Aspiration (n = 852/440/339/73) | 74 (8.7) | 30 (6.8) | 33 (9.7) | 11 (15.1) | 0.05 |
Acute on chronic respiratory failure (n = 853/440/340/73) | 166 (19.5) | 73 (16.6) | 80 (23.5) | 13 (17.8) | 0.05 |
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (n = 853/440/340/73) | 127 (14.9) | 64 (14.6) | 51 (15.0) | 12 (16.4) | 0.91 |
Pulmonary embolism (n = 853/440/340/73) | 26 (3.1) | 16 (3.6) | 7 (2.1) | 3 (4.1) | 0.37 |
Thoracic trauma (n = 852/440/339/73) | 21 (2.5) | 9 (2.1) | 11 (3.2) | 1 (1.4) | 0.59 |
Pleural effusion (n = 852/440/339/73) | 192 (22.5) | 99 (22.5) | 77 (22.7) | 16 (21.9) | 0.99 |
Atelectasis (n = 853/440/340/73) | 176 (20.6) | 93 (21.1) | 72 (21.2) | 11 (15.1) | 0.47 |
Pneumothorax (n = 853/440/340/73) | 15 (1.8) | 6 (1.4) | 7 (2.1) | 2 (2.7) | 0.49 |
Fluid overload (n = 853/440/340/73) | 280 (32.8) | 140 (31.8) | 115 (33.8) | 25 (34.3) | 0.81 |
Acute pancreatitis (n = 852/440/339/73) | 22 (2.6) | 14 (3.2) | 6 (1.8) | 2 (2.7) | 0.48 |
Shock, low PvO2 (n = 853/440/340/73) | 110 (12.9) | 42 (9.6) | 48 (14.1) | 20 (27.4) | < 0.001 |
Smoke/toxic inhalation (n = 852/440/339/73) | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (1.4) | 0.20 |
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (n = 852/440/339/73) | 44 (5.2) | 32 (7.3) | 9 (2.7) | 3 (4.1) | 0.01 |
Pulmonary vasculitis (n = 852/440/339/73) | 6 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (1.4) | 0.66 |
Drowning (n = 851/440/339/72) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Other (n = 851/440/338/73) | 90 (10.6) | 43 (9.8) | 42 (12.4) | 5 (6.9) | 0.30 |
Number of causes of hypoxemia (n = 853b/440/340/73) | 2 [1–3] | 2 [1–3] | 2 [1–3] | 2 [1–3] | < 0.001 |
Number of causes of hypoxemia (n = 853b/440/340/73) | < 0.001 | ||||
None | 107 (12.5) | 82 (18.6) | 22 (6.5) | 3 (4.1) | |
1 | 230 (27.0) | 110 (25.0) | 100 (29.4) | 20 (27.4) | |
2 | 221 (25.9) | 110 (25.0) | 93 (27.3) | 18 (24.7) | |
3 or more | 295 (34.6) | 138 (31.4) | 125 (36.8) | 32 (43.8) | |
Radiological infiltrates (n = 845/435/337/73) | 583 (69.0) | 257 (59.1) | 260 (77.2) | 66 (90.4) | < 0.001 |
Unilateralc (n = 581/255/260/66) | 176 (30.3) | 85 (33.3) | 81 (31.2) | 10 (15.2) | 0.02 |
Bilateralc (n = 581/255/260/66) | 406 (69.6) | 171 (67.1) | 179 (68.9) | 56 (84.9) | 0.02 |
ARDS | 178 (20.7) | 65 (14.7) | 82 (23.8) | 31 (41.9) | < 0.001 |