Table 1 Baseline and procedural characteristics
DPC group (n = 96) | No-DPC group (n = 134) | p value DPC versus No-DPC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fluoroscopy-guided (n = 61) | No fluoroscopy-guided (n = 35) | p value | |||
Age (years) | 55.2 ± 16.7 | 55.7 ± 16.2 | 0.143 | 58.5 ± 13.7 | 0.106 |
Gender (male) | 39 (63.9) | 20 (57.1) | 0.735 | 89 (66.4) | 0.439 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 25.0 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 | 25.6 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 16 (26.2) | 10 (28.6) | 0.260 | 46 (34.3) | 0.243 |
Hypertension | 22 (36.1) | 10 (28.6) | 0.790 | 51 (38.1) | 0.462 |
Dyslipidemia | 11 (18.0) | 2 (5.7) | 0.016 | 9 (6.7) | 0.083 |
Current smoker | 13 (21.3) | 12 (34.3) | 0.959 | 29 (21.6) | 0.438 |
Chronic kidney disease | 4 (6.6) | 2 (5.7) | 0.688 | 11 (8.2) | 0.576 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 2 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 0.670 | 3 (2.2) | 0.936 |
Previous MI | 10 (16.4) | 7 (20.0) | 0.396 | 29 (21.6) | 0.462 |
Previous PCI | 9 (14.8) | 7 (20.0) | 0.217 | 30 (22.4) | 0.285 |
Previous CABG | 1 (1.6) | 1 (2.9) | 0.136 | 9 (6.7) | 0.104 |
Previous CVA | 5 (8.5) | 2 (5.7) | 0.858 | 10 (7.5) | 0.961 |
Clinical presentation | 0.002 | 0.061 | |||
Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 32 (52.5) | 10 (28.6) | 58 (43.3) | ||
Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy | 13 (21.3) | 5 (14.3) | 21 (15.7) | ||
Septic shock | 0 (0) | 6 (17.1) | 4 (3.0) | ||
Refractory arrhythmia | 8 (13.1) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (3.0) | ||
Other causes | 8 (13.1) | 13 (37.1) | 47 (35.1) | ||
Purpose of ECMO implantation | 0.035 | 0.121 | |||
Bridge to recovery | 49 (80.3) | 32 (91.4) | 122 (91.0) | ||
Bridge to transplantation | 12 (19.7) | 3 (8.6) | 12 (9.0) | ||
ECPR | 24 (39.3) | 17 (48.6) | 0.002 | 84 (62.7) | 0.003 |
Initial ECMO pump flow (L/min) | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 0.722 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 0.729 |
Operating site of ECMO | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
Intensive care unit | 0 (0) | 21 (60.0) | 31 (23.1) | ||
Catheterization laboratory room | 56 (91.8) | 0 (0) | 33 (24.6) | ||
Emergency room | 4 (6.6) | 7 (20.0) | 27 (20.1) | ||
Operating room | 0 (0) | 4 (11.4) | 17 (12.7) | ||
Others | 1 (1.6) | 3 (8.6) | 26 (19.4) | ||
Arterial catheter size (Fr.) | 15.3 ± 0.7 | 15.4 ± 0.9 | 0.061 | 15.3 ± 0.8 | 0.080 |
Venous catheter sized (Fr.) | 22.4 ± 1.5 | 21.9 ± 0.7 | 0.010 | 21.5 ± 2.4 | 0.019 |
Large arterial cannulaa | 10 (16.4) | 9 (25.7) | 0.055 | 41 (30.6) | 0.066 |
During ECMO support | |||||
Anticoagulation therapy | 52 (85.2) | 25 (71.4) | 0.001 | 84 (62.7) | 0.004 |
Left ventricular venting | 16 (26.2) | 3 (8.6) | 0.003 | 13 (9.7) | 0.029 |
Distal perfusion | 61 (100.0) | 35 (100.0) | < 0.001 | 21 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
Continuous renal replacement therapy | 18 (29.5) | 16 (45.7) | 0.177 | 53 (39.6) | 0.524 |
Intra-aortic balloon pump | 2 (3.3) | 1 (2.9) | 0.696 | 6 (4.5) | 0.602 |
Mechanical ventilation | 47 (77.0) | 27 (77.1) | 0.318 | 94 (70.1) | 0.243 |
Laboratory findings | |||||
Creatinine (mg/dL) (just before ECMO insertion) | 1.4 (1.0–1.54) | 1.2 (0.8–1.4) | 0.391 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 0.779 |
Lactate (mmol/L) (just before ECMO insertion) | 4.9 (2.8–9.2) | 5.7 (2.0–10.4) | 0.051 | 5.3 (2.1–10.1) | 0.683 |
Lactate (mmol/L) (24 h after ECMO insertion) | 1.9 (1.4–3.1) | 2.2 (1.1–4.9) | 0.300 | 2.1 (0.0–3.9) | 0.700 |
Duration of ECMO support (day) | 3.4 (2.1–7.5) | 4.0 (2.0–6.3) | 0.013 | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 0.052 |
Length of ICU stay (day) | 10.0 (3.5–19.0) | 6.0 (1.0–15.5) | 0.518 | 5.0 (1.0–10.0) | 0.012 |
Length of hospital stay (day) | 27.0 (14.0–73.0) | 24.0 (7.5–49.8) | 0.271 | 14.0 (5.0–34.0) | 0.030 |