Table 1 Characteristics of patients
From: Pulmonary infections prime the development of subsequent ICU-acquired pneumonia in septic shock
Variables | No ICU-AI (n = 548) | Pulmonary ICU-AI (n = 139) | Non-pulmonary ICU-AI (n = 110) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 67 (56–78) | 68 (57–78) | 69 (57–78) | 0.95 |
Male gender | 335 (61) | 110 (79) | 61 (55) | < 0.001 |
Comorbid conditions | ||||
Immunosuppression | 191 (35) | 44 (32) | 41 (37) | 0.65 |
Chronic heart failure | 130 (24) | 25 (18) | 22 (20) | 0.31 |
Diabetes mellitus | 111 (20) | 22 (16) | 22 (20) | 0.52 |
COPD | 93 (17) | 25 (18) | 17 (16) | 0.87 |
Chronic renal failure | 82 (15) | 16 (11) | 15 (14) | 0.62 |
Obesity | 59 (11) | 11 (8) | 13 (12) | 0.57 |
Cirrhosis | 57 (10) | 19 (14) | 15 (14) | 0.39 |
Characteristics on ICU admission | ||||
SAPS2, points | 64 (49–81) | 71 (54–88) | 78 (57–89) | < 0.001 |
SOFA score, points | 9 (6–12) | 10 (6–13) | 9 (6–13) | 0.05 |
Source of infection | < 0.001 | |||
Lung | 257 (47) | 104 (75) | 42 (38) | |
Digestive | 84 (15) | 17 (12) | 27 (24) | |
Urinary | 78 (14) | 3 (2) | 11 (10) | |
Skin and soft tissues | 41 (7) | 3 (2) | 5 (4) | |
Catheter | 33 (6) | 3 (2) | 8 (7) | |
Others | 55 (10) | 9 (6) | 17 (15) | |
Microbiological documentation | 440 (80) | 112 (80) | 95 (86) | |
Bacteremia | 186 (34) | 35 (25) | 40 (36) | 0.09 |
Microorganisms | ||||
Gram-negative bacteria | 278 (50) | 57 (41) | 57 (52) | 0.08 |
Gram-positive bacteria | 151 (28) | 49 (35) | 33 (30) | |
Fungi | 10 (2) | 6 (4) | 4 (4) | |
Mycobacteria | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
Biological findings | ||||
WBC count (per mm3) | 13.4 (6.8–22.5) | 11.9 (4.7–21.4) | 13.6 (7.6–21.9) | 0.40 |
Serum protein level (g/L) | 59 (52–66) | 62 (51–68) | 55 (47–65) | 0.01 |
Serum creatinine level (µmol/L) | 136 (85–201) | 121 (73–204) | 138 (80–241) | 0.36 |
Serum bilirubin level (µmol/L) | 12 (8–24) | 12.5 (8–25) | 13 (8–30) | 0.72 |
Prothrombin time (%) | 60 (46–73) | 64 (45–75) | 59 (41–71) | 0.47 |
ICU management | ||||
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 448 (82) | 137 (99) | 106 (96) | < 0.001 |
Renal replacement therapy | 197 (36) | 83 (60) | 76 (69) | < 0.001 |
Surgical source control | 136 (25) | 18 (13) | 28 (25) | 0.01 |
Aminoglycosides | 321 (59) | 64 (46) | 69 (63) | 0.01 |
Stress-dose steroids | 228 (42) | 70 (53) | 64 (59) | < 0.001 |
Outcomes | ||||
Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) | 4.5 (2–8) | 18 (10–29.5) | 13 (8–21) | < 0.001 |
End-of-life decision | 66 (12) | 33 (24) | 29 (26) | < 0.001 |
ICU mortality | 99 (18) | 64 (46) | 50 (45) | < 0.001 |