Characteristic | No ARF (N = 191,538) | ARF without MV (N = 58,050) | ARF with MV (N = 189,848) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
AMI type | ||||
STEMI | 69.8 | 69.1 | 66.5 | < 0.001 |
NSTEMI | 30.2 | 30.9 | 33.5 | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 69.5 ± 13.6 | 68.7 ± 12.8 | 69.1 ± 13.1 | < 0.001 |
Female sex | 40.3 | 38.5 | 38.2 | < 0.001 |
Race | ||||
White | 63.1 | 60.0 | 63.9 | < 0.001 |
Non-White | 36.9 | 40.0 | 36.1 | |
Weekend admission | 26.3 | 27.4 | 27.4 | < 0.001 |
Primary payer | ||||
Medicare | 61.5 | 60.3 | 61.7 | < 0.001 |
Medicaid | 5.5 | 6.3 | 7.2 | |
Others | 33.0 | 33.4 | 31.1 | |
Quartile of median household income for zip code | ||||
0–25th | 22.8 | 24.7 | 23.2 | < 0.001 |
26th–50th | 26.8 | 27.0 | 26.2 | |
51st–75th | 25.2 | 24.3 | 25.0 | |
75th–100th | 25.2 | 24.0 | 25.6 | |
Hospital teaching status and location | ||||
Rural | 9.6 | 6.3 | 5.7 | < 0.001 |
Urban non-teaching | 41.4 | 40.1 | 40.2 | |
Urban teaching | 49.0 | 53.6 | 54.2 | |
Hospital bed size | ||||
Small | 8.3 | 7.4 | 7.3 | < 0.001 |
Medium | 22.3 | 21.6 | 22.1 | |
Large | 69.4 | 71.0 | 70.6 | |
Hospital region | ||||
Northeast | 18.3 | 15.2 | 19.6 | < 0.001 |
Midwest | 23.3 | 23.1 | 22.5 | |
South | 38.8 | 44.9 | 35.9 | |
West | 19.5 | 16.8 | 22.0 | |
Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
0–3 | 27.0 | 23.6 | 22.0 | < 0.001 |
4–6 | 53.3 | 57.4 | 57.2 | |
≥ 7 | 19.7 | 19.0 | 20.8 | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 51.5 | 42.7 | 51.0 | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 35.9 | 25.7 | 29.1 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | < 0.001 |
Cancer | 7.5 | 5.1 | 6.6 | < 0.001 |
CKD | 12.1 | 13.5 | 14.5 | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | 49.6 | 62.6 | 59.0 | < 0.001 |
Cardiac arrest | 8.2 | 18.6 | 28.0 | < 0.001 |
Acute kidney injury | 24.7 | 40.9 | 43.7 | < 0.001 |
Coronary angiography | 68.6 | 75.7 | 64.9 | < 0.001 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 48.8 | 56.4 | 43.4 | < 0.001 |
Invasive hemodynamic assessmenta | 15.6 | 22.2 | 23.7 | < 0.001 |
Severe sepsis | 2.6 | 6.7 | 9.3 | < 0.001 |
Cardiac surgery | ||||
CABG | 19.3 | 21.7 | 13.9 | < 0.001 |
Valve surgery | 1.6 | 3.2 | 1.9 | < 0.001 |
MCS | ||||
Total | 41.5 | 56.7 | 45.5 | < 0.001 |
IABP | 40.6 | 54.6 | 44.0 | < 0.001 |
pMCS | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 | < 0.001 |
npMCS | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | < 0.001 |
ECMO | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | < 0.001 |
Hemodialysis | 1.5 | 2.8 | 5.7 | < 0.001 |