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Table 1 Baseline and hospital characteristics of AMI-CS with and without ARF

From: Acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction in the USA, 2000–2014

Characteristic

No ARF (N = 191,538)

ARF without MV (N = 58,050)

ARF with MV (N = 189,848)

p

AMI type

 STEMI

69.8

69.1

66.5

< 0.001

 NSTEMI

30.2

30.9

33.5

< 0.001

Age (years)

69.5 ± 13.6

68.7 ± 12.8

69.1 ± 13.1

< 0.001

Female sex

40.3

38.5

38.2

< 0.001

Race

 White

63.1

60.0

63.9

< 0.001

 Non-White

36.9

40.0

36.1

Weekend admission

26.3

27.4

27.4

< 0.001

Primary payer

 Medicare

61.5

60.3

61.7

< 0.001

 Medicaid

5.5

6.3

7.2

 Others

33.0

33.4

31.1

Quartile of median household income for zip code

 0–25th

22.8

24.7

23.2

< 0.001

 26th–50th

26.8

27.0

26.2

 51st–75th

25.2

24.3

25.0

 75th–100th

25.2

24.0

25.6

Hospital teaching status and location

 Rural

9.6

6.3

5.7

< 0.001

 Urban non-teaching

41.4

40.1

40.2

 Urban teaching

49.0

53.6

54.2

Hospital bed size

 Small

8.3

7.4

7.3

< 0.001

 Medium

22.3

21.6

22.1

 Large

69.4

71.0

70.6

Hospital region

 Northeast

18.3

15.2

19.6

< 0.001

 Midwest

23.3

23.1

22.5

 South

38.8

44.9

35.9

 West

19.5

16.8

22.0

Charlson comorbidity index

 0–3

27.0

23.6

22.0

< 0.001

 4–6

53.3

57.4

57.2

 ≥ 7

19.7

19.0

20.8

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

51.5

42.7

51.0

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia

35.9

25.7

29.1

< 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

4.0

4.5

4.7

< 0.001

 Cancer

7.5

5.1

6.6

< 0.001

 CKD

12.1

13.5

14.5

< 0.001

 Heart failure

49.6

62.6

59.0

< 0.001

Cardiac arrest

8.2

18.6

28.0

< 0.001

Acute kidney injury

24.7

40.9

43.7

< 0.001

Coronary angiography

68.6

75.7

64.9

< 0.001

Percutaneous coronary intervention

48.8

56.4

43.4

< 0.001

Invasive hemodynamic assessmenta

15.6

22.2

23.7

< 0.001

Severe sepsis

2.6

6.7

9.3

< 0.001

Cardiac surgery

 CABG

19.3

21.7

13.9

< 0.001

 Valve surgery

1.6

3.2

1.9

< 0.001

MCS

 Total

41.5

56.7

45.5

< 0.001

 IABP

40.6

54.6

44.0

< 0.001

 pMCS

0.8

2.2

1.7

< 0.001

 npMCS

0.4

0.9

0.5

< 0.001

 ECMO

0.3

1.2

0.6

< 0.001

Hemodialysis

1.5

2.8

5.7

< 0.001

  1. Represented as percentage or mean ± standard deviation
  2. AMI acute myocardial infarction, ARF acute respiratory failure, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CKD chronic kidney disease, CS cardiogenic shock, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, MCS mechanical circulatory support, MV mechanical ventilation, npMCS non-percutaneous mechanical circulatory support, NSTEMI non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, pMCS percutaneous mechanical circulatory support, STEMI ST-elevation myocardial infarction
  3. aRight heart catheterization or pulmonary artery catheterization; all comparisons made using one-way analysis of variance