Characteristic | Total | < 1.4 | 1.4 to 2.0 | 2.0 to 3.2 | 3.2 to 5.0 | 5.0 to 10.0 | ≥ 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 37,293 | 14,572 | 8705 | 6831 | 3694 | 2544 | 947 |
Age, years | 68 [56–77] | 68 [57–77] | 67 [55–77] | 67 [53–77] | 68 [55–77] | 68 [56–77] | 66 [55–74] |
Male | 21,244 (57) | 8010 (55) | 4971 (57) | 3999 (59) | 2125 (58) | 1552 (61) | 587 (62) |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||||||
 0 | 13,769 (37) | 5122 (35) | 3311 (38) | 2667 (39) | 1337 (36) | 954 (38) | 378 (40) |
 1–2 | 14,005 (38) | 5696 (39) | 3248 (37) | 2468 (36) | 1344 (36) | 931 (37) | 318 (34) |
 ≥ 3 | 9519 (26) | 3754 (26) | 2146 (25) | 1696 (25) | 1013 (27) | 659 (26) | 251 (27) |
Preadmission disease | |||||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 7703 (21) | 2790 (19) | 1787 (21) | 1404 (21) | 812 (22) | 673 (26) | 237 (25) |
 Myocardial infarction | 2630 (7) | 1108 (8) | 621 (7) | 425 (6) | 251 (7) | 162 (6) | 63 (7) |
 Congestive heart failure | 3520 (9) | 1424 (10) | 837 (10) | 594 (9) | 341 (9) | 236 (9) | 88 (9) |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 4104 (11) | 1648 (11) | 998 (11) | 681 (10) | 400 (11) | 278 (11) | 99 (10) |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 5065 (14) | 2084 (14) | 1138 (13) | 876 (13) | 511 (14) | 333 (13) | 123 (13) |
 Chronic pulmonary disease | 6863 (18) | 3011 (21) | 1563 (18) | 1151 (17) | 642 (17) | 387 (15) | 109 (12) |
 Cancer | 6735 (18) | 2771 (19) | 1525 (18) | 1238 (18) | 683 (18) | 401 (16) | 117 (12) |
 Mild-to-severe liver disease | 1531 (4) | 384 (3) | 315 (4) | 292 (4) | 218 (6) | 217 (9) | 105 (11) |
Renal function during 1Â year before ICU admissiona | |||||||
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 80 [59–95] | 80 [58–95] | 81 [61–95] | 81 [59–96] | 80 [59–96] | 81 [59–96] | 85 [62–99] |
 ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 22,770 (74) | 9029 (73) | 5399 (76) | 4041 (75) | 2234 (74) | 1506 (74) | 561 (77) |
 45–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3773 (12) | 1531 (12) | 808 (11) | 713 (13) | 371 (12) | 263 (13) | 87 (12) |
 30–45 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2402 (8) | 1020 (8) | 528 (7) | 398 (7) | 242 (8) | 162 (8) | 52 (7) |
 < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1641 (5) | 755 (6) | 352 (5) | 244 (5) | 163 (5) | 98 (5) | 29 (4) |
 Dialysis before ICU admissionb | 344 (1) | 139 (1) | 85 (1) | 52 (1) | 43 (1) | 19 (1) | 6 (1) |
Antihyperglycemic therapy | |||||||
 Metformin | 3183 (9) | 1047 (7) | 758 (9) | 596 (9) | 353 (10) | 300 (12) | 129 (14) |
 Sulfonylureas | 899 (2) | 309 (2) | 233 (3) | 150 (2) | 104 (3) | 72 (3) | 31 (3) |
 Insulin | 2343 (6) | 853 (6) | 551 (6) | 428 (6) | 236 (6) | 220 (9) | 55 (6) |
 Other antihyperglycemic agents | 691 (2) | 206 (1) | 158 (2) | 131 (2) | 88 (2) | 72 (3) | 36 (4) |
 HbA1c within 4 weeks before ICU admission,  %c | 5.9 [5.5–6.7] | 5.9 [5.5–6.5] | 6.0 [5.5–6.7] | 6.1 [5.5–7.0] | 6.1 [5.5–6.9] | 6.1 [5.5–7.0] | 5.9 [5.5–7.0] |
ICU admission typed | |||||||
 Medical | 17,926 (52) | 5864 (43) | 4033 (50) | 3575 (56) | 2188 (63) | 1622 (68) | 644 (73) |
 Emergency surgery | 10,683 (31) | 4111 (30) | 2506 (31) | 2041 (32) | 1078 (31) | 722 (30) | 225 (26) |
 Elective surgery | 6193 (18) | 3623 (27) | 1576 (19) | 738 (12) | 187 (5) | 56 (2) | 13 (1) |
 SAPS-II scoree | 40 [30–52] | 35 [26–45] | 38 [29–49] | 41 [31–53] | 47 [36–60] | 54 [42–67] | 62 [50–76] |
Primary diagnostic category | |||||||
 Cardiovascular | 8466 (23) | 3668 (25) | 1931 (22) | 1183 (17) | 721 (20) | 667 (26) | 296 (31) |
 Respiratory, incl. pneumonia | 5244 (14) | 2223 (15) | 1251 (14) | 972 (14) | 498 (13) | 248 (10) | 52 (5) |
 Infection or sepsis, excl. pneumonia | 3425 (9) | 1054 (7) | 789 (9) | 689 (10) | 476 (13) | 335 (13) | 82 (9) |
 Gastrointestinal and liver disease | 4215 (11) | 1635 (11) | 923 (11) | 783 (11) | 435 (12) | 313 (12) | 126 (13) |
 Neoplasms | 3899 (10) | 1777 (12) | 971 (11) | 713 (10) | 282 (8) | 125 (5) | 31 (3) |
 Trauma and poisoning | 5014 (13) | 1887 (13) | 1247 (14) | 1109 (16) | 446 (12) | 255 (10) | 70 (7) |
 Endocrinology | 1013 (3) | 381 (3) | 203 (2) | 226 (3) | 93 (3) | 79 (3) | 31 (3) |
 Other | 6017 (16) | 1947 (13) | 1390 (16) | 1156 (17) | 743 (20) | 522 (21) | 259 (27) |
Laboratory values 12Â h before until 6Â h after ICU admission | |||||||
 First lactate, mmol/L | 1.6 [1.0–3.0] | 0.9 [0.7–1.2] | 1.7 [1.4–2.0] | 2.6 [2.1–3.3] | 4.2 [3.4–5.5] | 7.4 [5.6–9.6] | 14.0 [11.4–17.0] |
 Mean lactate, mmol/L | 1.6 [1.1–2.8] | 0.9 [0.8–1.1] | 1.6 [1.5–1.8] | 2.5 [2.3–2.8] | 3.9 [3.5–4.4] | 6.6 [5.7–7.9] | 13.0 [11.3–15.8] |
 Maximum lactate, mmol/L | 2.1 [1.3–3.7] | 1.1 [0.9–1.4] | 2.0 [1.8–2.5] | 3.2 [2.7–4.0] | 5.1 [4.3–6.4] | 8.8 [7.1–10.8] | 15.3 [13.0–18.9] |
 No. of lactate measurements | 4 [2–6] | 3 [2–5] | 4 [2–6] | 4 [2–6] | 4 [2–6] | 4 [2–7] | 3 [1–7] |
 Mean glucose, mmol/Lf | 8.1 [6.7–10.1] | 7.3 [6.3–8.6] | 8.3 [7.0–9.9] | 8.8 [7.1–10.9] | 9.4 [7.4–12.1] | 10.0 [7.4–13.6] | 9.8 [6.8–14.1] |
ICU treatment | |||||||
 Mechanical ventilation | 15,594 (42) | 5377 (37) | 3441 (40) | 2839 (42) | 1838 (50) | 1466 (58) | 633 (67) |
 Inotropes or vasopressors | 13,081 (35) | 3712 (25) | 2854 (33) | 2641 (39) | 1811 (49) | 1461 (57) | 602 (64) |
 Renal replacement therapy | 1919 (5) | 440 (3) | 316 (4) | 351 (5) | 291 (8) | 331 (13) | 190 (20) |
 ICU length of stay, daysg | 1.1 [0.7–2.8] | 1.0 [0.7–2.1] | 1.0 [0.7––2.8] | 1.2 [0.6–3.3] | 1.5 [0.7–4.0] | 1.5 [0.6–4.3] | 1.0 [0.4–3.3] |
 Hospital length of stay, days | 10 [5–20] | 10 [6–20] | 11 [6–21] | 10 [5–21] | 10 [4–21] | 9 [3–21] | 5 [1–15] |