Table 1 Clinical characteristics, radiographic, laboratory results of patients with COVID-19

Age

Median (IQR), year

57 (47, 67)

56 (46, 65)

69 (62, 77)

< 0.0001

Sex, n (%)

 Female

555 (46.6)

498 (48.2)

57 (36.3)

0.0053

 Male

635 (53.4)

535 (51.8)

100 (63.7)

Smoking, n (%)

45 (4.5)

40 (4.6)

5 (3.8)

1

Drinking, n (%)

48 (4.6)

43 (4.7)

5 (3.9)

0.6901

Epidemic disease history, n (%)

 Influenza A

  Negative

1131 (96.5)

987 (96.7)

144 (94.8)

0.4308

  Positive

19 (1.6)

15 (1.5)

4 (2.6)

  Unchecked or unknown

22 (1.9)

18 (1.8)

4 (2.6)

 Influenza B

  Negative

1133 (96.6)

990 (97.0)

143 (94.1)

0.1257

  Positive

18 (1.5)

13 (1.2)

5 (3.3)

  Unchecked or unknown

22 (1.9)

18 (1.8)

4 (2.6)

Exposure history, n (%)

 Huanan seafood market

131 (11.4)

125 (12.5)

6 (4.1)

0.0028

 Wuhan exposure

1119 (94.7)

968 (94.2)

151 (98.1)

0.0451

 Other parts of Hubei

56 (5.0)

54 (5.5)

2 (1.4)

0.0373

 Contact with wildlife

17 (1.5)

17 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

0.2238

 Medical staff

16 (1.4)

16 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

0.2446

 Clustered cases

132 (11.2)

118 (11.5)

14 (9.2)

0.6726

Any comorbidity, n (%)

441 (37.1%)

345 (33.4%)

96 (61.15%)

< 0.0001

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

22 (1.9)

14 (1.4)

8 (5.3)

1

 Diabetes

144 (12.2)

105 (10.2)

39 (25.5)

< 0.0001

 Hypertension

308 (26.1)

244 (23.8)

64 (41.8)

< 0.0001

 Chronic cardiac disease

86 (7.3)

61 (6.0)

25 (16.3)

< 0.0001

 Chronic kidney disease

30 (2.6)

24 (2.4)

6 (3.9)

0.38

 Chronic liver disease

40 (3.4)

32 (3.1)

8 (5.2)

0.1779

 Stroke

39 (3.3)

28 (2.7)

11 (7.2)

0.0041

 Malignancy

34 (2.9)

26 (2.5)

8 (5.2)

0.1115

 Immunosuppression

24 (2.0)

15 (1.5)

9 (5.9)

0.0009

 Tuberculosis

15 (1.3)

10 (1.4)

5 (3.3)

0.0475

Signs and symptoms at admission, n (%)

 Fever

971 (81.9)

834 (80.9)

137 (89.0)

0.0152

 Median highest temperature (IQR), °C

38.5 (38.0, 39.0)

38.5 (38.0, 39.0)

38.5 (38.0, 39.0)

0.0233

 Nasal congestion

11 (0.9)

8 (0.8)

3 (2.0)

1

 Nasal discharges

16 (1.4)

13 (1.3)

3 (2.0)

0.7521

 Sneeze

5 (0.4)

4 (0.4)

1 (0.7)

0.5019

 Sore throat

39 (3.3)

36 (3.5)

3 (2.0)

0.3171

 Cough

879 (74.2)

751 (72.8)

128 (83.7)

0.0041

 Sputum production

417 (35.2)

352 (34.1)

65 (42.5)

0.0438

 Dyspnoea

548 (46.3)

439 (42.6)

109 (71.2)

< 0.0001

 Chest pain

62 (5.3)

56 (5.5)

6 (3.9)

0.427

 Hemoptysis

14 (1.2)

11 (1.1)

3 (2.0)

0.5846

 Headache

61 (5.2)

59 (5.8)

2 (1.3)

0.0204

 Myalgia

133 (11.3)

116 (11.3)

17 (11.1)

0.937

 Fatigue

434 (36.7)

369 (35.9)

65 (42.5)

0.1128

 Gastrointestinal symptoms

214 (18.2)

189 (18.4)

25 (16.3)

0.5333

 Eye symptoms

23 (2.0)

22 (2.2)

1 (0.7)

0.3502

 Ronchi

57 (4.8)

47 (4.6)

10 (6.5)

0.2953

 Crackles

170 (14.4)

143 (13.9)

27 (17.5)

0.2265

 Systolic pressure

  Median (IQR), mmHg

122 (111, 135)

122 (110, 134)

130.5 (117, 144)

0.0002

 Diastolic pressure

  Median (IQR), mmHg

80 (72, 87)

80 (73, 87)

80 (72, 87)

0.0944

 Heart rate

  Median (IQR), bpm

86 (79, 96)

86 (78, 96)

89 (82, 102)

< 0.0001

 Respiratory rate

  Median (IQR), bpm

22 (20, 25)

21 (20, 25)

23 (20, 28)

0.9936

SOFA

3 (1, 5)

2 (1, 4)

10 (6, 18)

< 0.0001

APACHEII

3 (1, 6)

3 (1, 5)

10.5 (8, 17)

< 0.0001

Laboratory findings

 Leucocytes (IQR-10⁹/L)

6.3 (4.6, 9.1)

6.0 (4.5, 8.1)

15.5 (8.9, 21.9)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 4

185 (16.1)

171 (16.9)

14 (10.1)

< 0.0001

  4–10

726 (63.0)

702 (69.2)

24 (17.3)

  > 10

242 (21.0)

141 (13.9)

101 (72.6)

 Neutrophils (IQR-10⁹/L)

4.4 (2.9, 7.3)

4.1 (2.8, 6.2)

14.7 (9.9, 20.3)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 1.8

65 (5.8)

61 (6.1)

4 (3.1)

< 0.0001

  1.8–6.3

715 (63.2)

702 (70.2)

13 (10.0)

  > 6.3

351 (31.0)

237 (23.7)

114 (87.0)

 Lymphocytes (IQR-10⁹/L)

1.2 (0.7, 1.6)

1.2 (0.9, 1.6)

0.5 (0.3, 0.9)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 0.8

315 (28.0)

221 (22.2)

94 (72.9)

< 0.0001

  ≥ 0.8

809 (72.0)

774 (77.8)

35 (27.1)

 CD3 (IQR-/μL)

618 (427, 964)

647 (468, 991)

367 (267, 409)

< 0.0001

 CD4 (IQR-/μL)

366 (242, 594)

388 (275, 645)

211 (275, 645)

< 0.0001

 CD8 (IQR-/μL)

235 (138, 337)

242 (156, 356)

129 (87, 144)

< 0.0001

 Hemoglobin (IQR-g/L)

120 (109.0, 130.0)

120 (110.0, 130.0)

120 (103.0, 133.0)

0.4723

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 90

54 (4.7)

7 (3.7)

17 (12.8)

< 0.0001

  > 90

1092 (95.3)

976 (96.3)

116 (87.3)

 Platelets (IQR-10⁹/L)

193 (143.0, 250.0)

201 (154.0, 256.0)

90.5 (50.0, 165.0)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 100

122 (10.6)

49 (4.8)

73 (52.9)

< 0.0001

  ≥ 100

1029 (89.4)

964 (95.2)

65 (47.1)

 Prothrombin time (IQR-s)

11.5 (10.7, 12.6)

11.4 (10.6, 12.3)

14 (12.4, 17.5)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 10.5

201 (18.0)

197 (20.0)

4 (3.0)

< 0.0001

  10.5–13.5

763 (68.2)

711 (72.3)

52 (38.8)

  > 13.5

154 (13.8)

76 (7.7)

78 (58.2)

 Activated-partial thromboplastin time (IQR-s)

27.7 (24.3, 32.5)

27.2 (24.2, 31.8)

33.4 (26.1, 38.9)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 21

68 (6.1)

61 (6.2)

7 (5.4)

< 0.0001

  21–37

927 (83.4)

847 (86.3)

80 (62.0)

  > 37

116 (10.4)

74 (7.5)

42 (32.6)

 Thrombin time (IQR, s)

17.9 (16.7, 20.6)

17.8 (16.7, 20.4)

18.4 (17.1, 23.0)

0.0054

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 13

8 (0.7)

8 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0.0321

  13–21

842 (75.9)

753 (76.7)

89 (69.5)

  > 21

260 (23.4)

221 (22.5)

39 (30.5)

 D-dimer (IQR, μg/mL)

0.9 (0.4, 2.5)

0.8 (0.4, 1.6)

17.8 (4.5, 56.5)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 0.5

323 (29.6)

319 (33.2)

4 (3.1)

< 0.0001

  0.5–1

279 (25.6)

270 (28.1)

9 (6.9)

  > 1

489 (44.8)

371 (38.7)

118 (90.9)

 Total bilirubin (IQR, μmol/L)

13 (10.1, 17.7)

12.4 (9.8, 16.1)

24.9 (16.6, 36.1)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 26

1005 (90.0)

932 (94.8)

73 (54.5)

< 0.0001

  > 26

112 (10.0)

51 (5.2)

61 (45.5)

 Alanine aminotransferase (IQR-U/L)

42 (25.0, 66.0)

40 (24.0, 62.0)

47 (31.0, 84.0)

0.0003

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 40

559 (48.8)

508 (50.2)

51 (37.8)

0.0065

  > 40

587 (51.2)

503 (49.8)

84 (62.2)

 Aspartate aminotransferase (IQR-U/L)

35 (26.0, 51.0)

33 (25.0, 46.0)

58 (44.0, 109.0)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 40

702 (61.2)

680 (67.3)

22 (16.1)

< 0.0001

  > 40

445 (38.8)

330 (32.7)

115 (83.9)

 Albumin (IQR, g/L)

31.3 (28.0, 34.7)

32 (29.0, 35.2)

26.15 (24.3, 28.3)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 40

1106 (96.2)

966 (95.6)

140 (100.0)

0.0144

  40–55

41 (3.6)

41 (4.1)

0 (0.0)

  > 55

3 (0.3)

3 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

 Serum prealbumin (IQR-g/L)

125 (80.0, 187.0)

137 (91.0, 194.0)

48.5 (29.5, 75.0)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 200

874 (79.2)

748 (76.7)

126 (98.4)

< 0.0001

  200–430

229 (20.8)

227 (23.3)

2 (1.6)

 Blood urea nitrogen (IQR-mmol/L)

5.2 (4.1, 6.8)

4.97 (4.0, 6.2)

13.2 (7.7, 20.3)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 3.1

81 (7.1)

81 (8.0)

0 (0.0)

< 0.0001

  3.1–8

865 (75.7)

827 (82.1)

38 (28.4)

  > 8

196 (17.2)

100 (9.9)

96 (71.6)

 Serum creatinine (IQR, μmol/L)

72.6 (59.6, 88.6)

71.5 (59.0, 84.3)

107.8 (69.2, 196.7)

<0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  > 133

84 (7.4)

32 (3.2)

52 (39.4)

< 0.0001

  ≤ 133

1051 (92.6)

971 (96.8)

80 (60.6)

 Creatine kinase (IQR-U/L)

78 (51.0, 151.0)

73 (49.0, 132.5)

240 (101.0, 553.0)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 50

243 (23.7)

236 (25.7)

7 (6.6)

< 0.0001

  50–310

676 (65.9)

619 (67.3)

57 (53.8)

  > 310

107 (10.4)

65 (7.0)

42 (39.6)

 Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (IQR-U/L)

14 (10.0, 18.0)

13 (10.0, 17.0)

24 (18.0, 47.0)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 24

960 (88.4)

896 (93.3)

64 (50.8)

< 0.0001

  > 24

126 (11.6)

64 (6.7)

62 (49.2)

 C-reactive protein (IQR, mg/L)

30.1 (5.7, 92.0)

22.5 (4.3, 67.2)

160 (124.2, 177.1)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 6.9

290 (28.4)

287 (32.1)

3 (2.3)

< 0.0001

  > 6.9

731 (71.6)

606 (67.9)

125 (97.7)

 Serum amyloid protein A (IQR-mg/L)

190.8 (34.3, 275.9)

178.6 (25.6, 270.3)

260.1 (188.9, 284.0)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 10

151 (15.8)

149 (17.5)

2 (1.9)

< 0.0001

  > 10

805 (84.2)

702 (82.5)

103 (98.1)

 Serum ferritin (IQR-ng/mL)

406.1 (137.2, 800.8)

384.8 (146.0, 711.8)

616.6 (38.7, 2000.0)

0.0099

 Distribution, n (%)

  < 21.8

36 (4.7)

32 (4.9)

4 (3.6)

0.7535

  21.8–274.6

263 (34.2)

224 (34.1)

39 (34.8)

  > 274.6

470 (61.1)

401 (61.0)

69 (61.6)

 Interleukin-6 (IQR-pg/mL)

14.45 (8.0, 416.0)

13.2 (7.7, 366.2)

31.9 (11.1, 1487.0)

< 0.0001

 Distribution, n (%)

  ≤ 7

28 (3.4)

25 (3.5)

3 (2.8)

0.909

  > 7

789 (96.6)

684 (96.5)

105 (97.2)

Radiologic findings

 Abnormalities, n (%)

 Ground-glass opacity

1027 (92.3)

910 (92.3)

117 (92.1)

0.9474

 Pulmonary consolidation

194 (17.4)

155 (15.7)

39 (30.7)

< 0.0001

 Pulmonary interstitial abnormalities

700 (63.0)

609 (61.8)

91 (71.7)

0.0309

 Pneumothorax

31 (2.8)

24 (2.4)

7 (5.5)

0.0901

 Pleural effusion

49 (4.4)

43 (4.4)

6 (4.7)

0.851