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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes

From: Epidural analgesia in ICU chest trauma patients with fractured ribs: retrospective study of pain control and intubation requirements

 

974 patients

Missing data

Demographic variables at baseline

 Age, years, mean ± SD

57 ± 17

10

 Males, n (%)

744/971 (76.6%)

3

 Comorbidities, n (%)

 McCabe score

 

57

  (0) No fatal underlying disease

812/917 (88.5%)

 

  (1) Death expected within 5 years

96/917 (10.5%)

 

  (2) Death expected within 1 year

9/917 (1%)

 

 History of respiratory disease

130/969 (13.4%)

5

  COPD

68/119 (57%)

11

  Obstructive sleep apnea

31/108 (28.7%)

22

  Asthma

25/111 (22.5%)

19

  Pulmonary fibrosis

6/105 (5.7%)

25

  Lung cancer

2/108 (1.8%)

22

  Other

16/109 (14.6%)

21

 History of alcohol abuse

173/948 (18.2%)

26

 History of smoking

342/930 (36.7%)

44

 Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)

132/956 (13.8%)

18

Characteristics of the injury

 Number of fractured ribs, mean ± SD

6 ± 3

7

 Flail chest, n (%)

245/957 (25.6%)

17

 Isolated chest trauma, n (%)

276/971 (28.4%)

3

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio at ICU admissiona

320 [254–390]

25

 SAPS II, mean ± SD

22 ± 11

26

 Injury Severity Score, mean ± SD

18 ± 7

0

  Thoracic AIS ≥ 3, n (%)

928 (5.3%)

0

  Head AIS ≥ 3, n (%)

82 (8.5%)

6

  Abdominal AIS ≥ 3, n (%)

97 (10.0%)

7

  Face AIS ≥ 3, n (%)

1 (0.10%)

9

  Extremity AIS ≥ 3, n (%)

82 (8.66%)

4

  External AIS ≥ 3, n (%)

0 (0%)

12

 Time from injury to hospital admission, days, median [IQR]

0 [0–0]

3

 Time from injury to ICU admission, days, median [IQR]

0 [0–1]

7

Outcome

 IMV, n (%)

128/974 (13.1%)

 

  Time from hospital admission to IMV, days, median [IQR]

2 [1–4]

1

  Reason for IMV (some patients had more than one reason)

   Acute respiratory failure

99

 

   Acute circulatory failure

10

 

  Acute neurologic disorder

14

 

   Emergency surgery

21

 

  Time from ICU admission to IMV, days, median [IQR]

2 [1–3]

1

  IMV duration, days, median [IQR]

8 [3–14]

3

 Bilevel NIV, n (%)

268/961 (27.9%)

13

  Reason for NIV

 

13

   Hypercapnia

82 (32.1%)

 

   Hypoxemia

165 (64.8%)

 

   Prophylactic

8 (3.1%)

 

  NIV duration, days, median [IQR]

3 [1–4]

 

 Chest tube insertion, n (%)

429/948 (45.2%)

26

  Hemothorax

146/425 (34%)

4

  Pneumothorax

159/425 (37%)

4

  Hemothorax and pneumothorax

119/425 (28%)

4

  Surgery

1/425 (0.2%)

4

 Surgical stabilization of ribs, n (%)

44/962(4.5%)

12

 Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, n (%)

46/956 (4.8%)

18

 Infection, n (%)

  Early-onset pneumonia (within 48 h after ICU admission)

89/954 (9.3%)

20

  Nosocomial pneumonia (> 48 h after ICU admission)

89/912 (9.8%)b

26

 ICU stay length, median [IQR]

5 [3–9]

6

 Length of hospital stay (median, IQR)

11 [7–18]

19

 ICU mortality (N, %)

31/965 (3.2%)

9

 Hospital mortality (N %)

37/958 (3.8%)

16

  1. MD missing data, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BMI body mass index, IQR interquartile range, IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, AIS Abbreviated Injury Scale, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiologic Score II, ICU intensive care unit, NIV noninvasive ventilation
  2. a PaO2/FiO2 was not collected but was derived from SpO2 at ICU admission and the oxygen flow rate
  3. b 36 patients died or were discharged within 48 h after ICU admission