974 patients | Missing data | |
---|---|---|
Demographic variables at baseline | ||
Age, years, mean ± SD | 57 ± 17 | 10 |
Males, n (%) | 744/971 (76.6%) | 3 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||
McCabe score | 57 | |
(0) No fatal underlying disease | 812/917 (88.5%) | |
(1) Death expected within 5 years | 96/917 (10.5%) | |
(2) Death expected within 1 year | 9/917 (1%) | |
History of respiratory disease | 130/969 (13.4%) | 5 |
COPD | 68/119 (57%) | 11 |
Obstructive sleep apnea | 31/108 (28.7%) | 22 |
Asthma | 25/111 (22.5%) | 19 |
Pulmonary fibrosis | 6/105 (5.7%) | 25 |
Lung cancer | 2/108 (1.8%) | 22 |
Other | 16/109 (14.6%) | 21 |
History of alcohol abuse | 173/948 (18.2%) | 26 |
History of smoking | 342/930 (36.7%) | 44 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | 132/956 (13.8%) | 18 |
Characteristics of the injury | ||
Number of fractured ribs, mean ± SD | 6 ± 3 | 7 |
Flail chest, n (%) | 245/957 (25.6%) | 17 |
Isolated chest trauma, n (%) | 276/971 (28.4%) | 3 |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio at ICU admissiona | 320 [254–390] | 25 |
SAPS II, mean ± SD | 22 ± 11 | 26 |
Injury Severity Score, mean ± SD | 18 ± 7 | 0 |
Thoracic AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 928 (5.3%) | 0 |
Head AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 82 (8.5%) | 6 |
Abdominal AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 97 (10.0%) | 7 |
Face AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 1 (0.10%) | 9 |
Extremity AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 82 (8.66%) | 4 |
External AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 12 |
Time from injury to hospital admission, days, median [IQR] | 0 [0–0] | 3 |
Time from injury to ICU admission, days, median [IQR] | 0 [0–1] | 7 |
Outcome | ||
IMV, n (%) | 128/974 (13.1%) | |
Time from hospital admission to IMV, days, median [IQR] | 2 [1–4] | 1 |
Reason for IMV (some patients had more than one reason) | ||
Acute respiratory failure | 99 | |
Acute circulatory failure | 10 | |
Acute neurologic disorder | 14 | |
Emergency surgery | 21 | |
Time from ICU admission to IMV, days, median [IQR] | 2 [1–3] | 1 |
IMV duration, days, median [IQR] | 8 [3–14] | 3 |
Bilevel NIV, n (%) | 268/961 (27.9%) | 13 |
Reason for NIV | 13 | |
Hypercapnia | 82 (32.1%) | |
Hypoxemia | 165 (64.8%) | |
Prophylactic | 8 (3.1%) | |
NIV duration, days, median [IQR] | 3 [1–4] | |
Chest tube insertion, n (%) | 429/948 (45.2%) | 26 |
Hemothorax | 146/425 (34%) | 4 |
Pneumothorax | 159/425 (37%) | 4 |
Hemothorax and pneumothorax | 119/425 (28%) | 4 |
Surgery | 1/425 (0.2%) | 4 |
Surgical stabilization of ribs, n (%) | 44/962(4.5%) | 12 |
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, n (%) | 46/956 (4.8%) | 18 |
Infection, n (%) | ||
Early-onset pneumonia (within 48 h after ICU admission) | 89/954 (9.3%) | 20 |
Nosocomial pneumonia (> 48 h after ICU admission) | 89/912 (9.8%)b | 26 |
ICU stay length, median [IQR] | 5 [3–9] | 6 |
Length of hospital stay (median, IQR) | 11 [7–18] | 19 |
ICU mortality (N, %) | 31/965 (3.2%) | 9 |
Hospital mortality (N %) | 37/958 (3.8%) | 16 |