Table 3 Characteristics and outcomes of patients with and without invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV); patients who received IMV for emergent surgery, with contraindication for EA, refused EA, failed catheter insertion, missing data about EA were excluded
IMV (N = 65) | No IMV (N = 723) | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | ||||
Age, years, mean ± SD | 62 ± 15 | 55 ± 17 | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.020 |
Chronic respiratory disease, n (%) | 23/65 (35.4%) | 74/718 (10.3%) | 3.98 (2.39–6.61) | < 0.001 |
Obesity (BMI > 30), n (%) | 12/64 (18.7%) | 96/710 (13.5%) | 1.38 (0.72–2.61) | 0.33 |
History of smoking, n (%) | 32/64 (50.0%) | 239/692 (34.5%) | 1.91 (1.17–3.10) | 0.009 |
Alcohol, n (%) | < 0.001* | |||
No chronic alcoholism | 43/64 (67.2%) | 589/699 (84.3%) | 1 (reference) | |
Alcohol abuse without alcohol withdrawal syndrome | 10/64 (15.6%) | 89/699 (12.7%) | 1.64 (0.83–3.27) | |
Alcohol abuse with alcohol withdrawal syndrome | 12/64 (17.2%) | 21/699 (3.0%) | 5.14 (2.54–10.4) | |
Injury characteristics | ||||
Thoracic AIS, mean ± SD | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 2.02 (1.18–3.47) | 0.01 |
ISS, mean ± SD | 21 ± 8 | 18 ± 7 | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 0.006 |
Flail chest, n (%) | 28/65 (43.1%) | 172/712 (24.2%) | 2.01 (1.24–3.28) | 0.005 |
≥ 6 fractured ribs, n (%) | 36/64 (56.2%) | 363/721 (50.3%) | 1.13 (0.68–1.86) | 0.64 |
SAPS II, mean ± SD | 30.6 ± 14b | 20 ± 9c | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) | < 0.001 |
Clinical variables | ||||
Oxygen saturation at ICU admission, %, mean ± SD | 95 ± 4 | 96 ± 5d | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.03 |
Respiratory rate at ICU admission, breaths/min, mean ± SD | 23.0 ± 6.8e | 20.4 ± 5.5f | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 0.002 |
Oxygen flow > 6 L/min at ICU admission, n (%) | 28/64 (43.7%) | 126/712 (17.7%) | 3.08 (1.87–5.05) | < 0.001 |
Median NRS pain score on day 1 > 4 | 31/61 (50.8%) | 272/701 (38.8%) | 1.49 (0.91–2.43) | 0.12 |
Treatment | ||||
Epidural analgesia, n (%) | 12/65 (18.5%) | 118/723 (16.3%) | 0.83 (0.43–1.57) | 0.56 |
Noninvasive ventilation, n (%) | 36/64 (56.2%) | 168/712 (23.6%) | 3.05 (1.88–4.97) | 0.005 |