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Table 2 Characteristics of first ventilator-associated pneumonia episode

From: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring ECMO: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic

Covid-19 patients

(n = 43)

Influenza patients

(n = 28)

Mechanical ventilation days before VAP

10 (8–16)

14 (8–19)

Previous glucocorticoid usea

4 (9)

2 (7)

Previous immunomodulatory drug useb

3 (7)

0

At VAP onset

  

 White blood cell count, G/L

13 (10–18)

13 (9–16)

 SARS-CoV-2 loadc

31.9 (28.1–33.7)

 mCPIS

4 (3–5)

4 (3–5)

 SOFA scored

11 (9–13)

9 (5–11)

Pathogen responsible for VAPe

  

 Gram-negative pathogens

  

  Enterobacteriaceae

30 (70)

11 (39)

   Inducible AmpC Enterobacteriaceaef

17 (40)

7 (25)

    Klebsiella aerogenes

11 (26)

2 (7)

    Enterobacter cloacae

3 (7)

3 (11)

    Hafnia alvei

2 (5)

1 (4)

    Serratia marcescens

1 (2)

0

    Citrobacter freundii

0 (0)

1 (4)

   ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae

2 (5)

0

 Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria

18 (42)

20 (71)

  Pseudomonas aeruginosa

16 (37)

15 (54)

  Acinetobacter spp.

0

1 (4)

  Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

2 (5)

3 (11)

 Gram-positive pathogens

  

  Staphylococcus aureus

3 (7)

2 (7)

   Methicillin susceptible

1 (2)

2 (7)

   Methicillin resistant

2 (5)

0

  Enterococcus spp.

3 (7)

2 (7)

  Streptococcus spp.

3 (7)

1 (4)

 Polymicrobial VAP

14 (38)

7 (25)

Antimicrobial treatment of VAP

  

 Appropriate empiric treatment

35 (81)

19 (68)

 Days of antimicrobial treatment

7 (7–8)

7 (7–7)

  At the end of antimicrobial therapy

  

   SOFA score

10 (9–13)

8 (4–13)

   mCPIS

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

    Delta mCPIS

0 (− 1 to 1)

1 (0–3)

   Procalcitoninh

0.54 (0.34–1.05)

0.63 (0.23–1.26)

  1. Results are expressed as median (IQR) or n (%)
  2. Covid coronavirus-infectious disease, ESBL extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, SOFA Sequential Organ-Failure Assessment, mCPIS modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score, according to Niederman et al. [17]
  3. aAt a dose of ≥ 0.5 mg/kg/day of prednisone or its equivalent during > 1 week
  4. bOne patient each received: tocilizumab, sarilumab, or anakinra
  5. cVirus load expressed as cycle-threshold value on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The results were negative for 18 patients, positive but not quantified for three and not done for four
  6. dp = 0.02
  7. eTotal number of pathogens exceeds the number of patients because 21 patients (14 with Covid-19 and 7 with influenza) had ≥ 1 pathogens that grew > 104 cfu/mL
  8. fIncludes Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Hafnia alvei, Providencia stuartii, Klebsiella aerogenes
  9. gDifference between mCPISs at VAP onset and the end of antimicrobial treatment. Available for 39/43 Covid-19 patients and 24/28 with influenza
  10. hData available for 30/43 patients with Covid-19 and 23/28 with influenza