Characteristic | Covid-19 patients (n = 43) | Influenza patients (n = 28) |
---|---|---|
Mechanical ventilation days before VAP | 10 (8–16) | 14 (8–19) |
Previous glucocorticoid usea | 4 (9) | 2 (7) |
Previous immunomodulatory drug useb | 3 (7) | 0 |
At VAP onset | ||
White blood cell count, G/L | 13 (10–18) | 13 (9–16) |
SARS-CoV-2 loadc | 31.9 (28.1–33.7) | – |
mCPIS | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) |
SOFA scored | 11 (9–13) | 9 (5–11) |
Pathogen responsible for VAPe | ||
Gram-negative pathogens | ||
Enterobacteriaceae | 30 (70) | 11 (39) |
Inducible AmpC Enterobacteriaceaef | 17 (40) | 7 (25) |
Klebsiella aerogenes | 11 (26) | 2 (7) |
Enterobacter cloacae | 3 (7) | 3 (11) |
Hafnia alvei | 2 (5) | 1 (4) |
Serratia marcescens | 1 (2) | 0 |
Citrobacter freundii | 0 (0) | 1 (4) |
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae | 2 (5) | 0 |
Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria | 18 (42) | 20 (71) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 16 (37) | 15 (54) |
Acinetobacter spp. | 0 | 1 (4) |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 2 (5) | 3 (11) |
Gram-positive pathogens | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 3 (7) | 2 (7) |
Methicillin susceptible | 1 (2) | 2 (7) |
Methicillin resistant | 2 (5) | 0 |
Enterococcus spp. | 3 (7) | 2 (7) |
Streptococcus spp. | 3 (7) | 1 (4) |
Polymicrobial VAP | 14 (38) | 7 (25) |
Antimicrobial treatment of VAP | ||
Appropriate empiric treatment | 35 (81) | 19 (68) |
Days of antimicrobial treatment | 7 (7–8) | 7 (7–7) |
At the end of antimicrobial therapy | ||
SOFA score | 10 (9–13) | 8 (4–13) |
mCPIS | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) |
Delta mCPIS | 0 (− 1 to 1) | 1 (0–3) |
Procalcitoninh | 0.54 (0.34–1.05) | 0.63 (0.23–1.26) |