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Table 3 Characteristics of recurrent VAP episodes in patients with Covid-19 or influenza ARDS

From: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring ECMO: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic

Episode 2

Episode 3

Episode 4

Covid-19

Influenza

Covid-19

Influenza

Covid-19

Influenza

Number of patients

34

17

20

8

11

3

Relapse

26 (76)

10 (59)

16 (76)

7 (78)

11 (100)

3 (100)

 Days between end of treatment and relapse

2 (1–3)

3 (0–5)

2 (0–4)

3 (0–5)

0 (0–2)

8 (4–8)

 Relapse before end of treatment

6 (23)

3 (30)

7 (44)

2 (29)

6 (55)

0

Superinfection

8 (24)

7 (41)

5 (24)

2 (22)

0

0

 Days between end of treatment and superinfection

4 (0–8)

8 (7–11)

0 (0–0)

35 (23–48)

 Superinfection before end of treatment

3 (38)

0

4 (100)

0

Pathogen responsible for VAP recurrencea

      

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

19 (56)

11 (64)

12 (60)

7 (88)

8 (73)

3 (100)

 Enterobacteriaceae

16 (47)

5 (29)

10 (50)

1 (13)

7 (64)

0

  Inducible AmpC Enterobacteriaceaeb

11 (32)

2 (12)

9 (45)

0

6 (55)

0

  ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae

2 (6)

0

0

1 (13)

0

0

  Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

2 (6)

0

1 (5)

0

1 (9)

0

  Acinetobacter baumannii

0

1 (6)

0

0

0

0

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

1 (1)

0

0

0

0

0

  Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

1 (1)

0

1 (5)

0

0

0

Enterococcus faecalis

1 (1)

0

4 (20)

0

0

0

  1. The results are expressed as n (%) or median (IQR)
  2. ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, Covid coronavirus-infection disease, ESBL extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
  3. aTotal number of pathogens exceeds the number of patients because patients could have > 1 pathogens growing > 104 cfu/mL
  4. bIncludes Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Hafnia alvei, Providencia stuartii and Klebsiella aerogenes