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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Characteristics and outcome of patients with COVID-19, bacterial pneumonia or viral pneumonia

From: Increased susceptibility to intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia in severe COVID-19 patients: a multicentre retrospective cohort study

Variables

COVID-19 (n = 176)

Bacterial pneumonia (n = 435)

Viral pneumonia (n = 48)

p

Age, years

63 (55–73)

66 (56–79)

72 (42–75)

0.002

Male gender

134 (76)

296 (68)

25 (52)

 < 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m2

28.2 (26–32.3)

23.4 (20.7–26.7)

23 (19.2–28.9)

 < 0.001

Comorbid conditions

 Immunosuppression

26 (15)

145 (33)

13 (27)

 < 0.001

 Cirrhosis

2 (1)

41 (9)

1 (2)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

45 (26)

89 (21)

7 (14)

0.181

 COPD

17 (10)

103 (24)

9 (19)

 < 0.001

 Chronic renal failure

13 (7)

49 (11)

7 (15)

0.22

 Cancer (ongoing or < 5 years)

16 (9)

120 (28)

8 (17)

 < 0.001

Severity on ICU admission

 SAPS2, points

43 (30–56)

73 (55–88)

47 (39–71)

 < 0.001

 SOFA, points

6 (4–9)

9 (6– 2)

7 (2–13)

 < 0.001

Biological findings

 WBC count, per mm3

8.4 (6.9–12.4)

12 (6.2–17.6)

8.8 (3.4–11.7)

 < 0.001

 Lactate, mmol/L

1.5 (1.2–1.9)

1.7 (1–3.8)

1.4 (0.4–3.1)

0.02

Characteristics of pneumonia

 Clinical presentation

  Septic shock (Sepsis-3)

28 (16)

191 (44)

15 (31)

 < 0.001

  ARDS

170 (96)

62 (14)

17 (35)

 < 0.001

  Microbiological documentation

21 (12)

286 (66)

11 (24)

 < 0.001

  Gram-negative bacteria

11 (7)

148 (34)

5 (10)

  Gram-positive cocci

10 (6)

126 (30)

6 (13)

  SARS-CoV-2

176 (100)

0

0

 I nfluenza virus

0

0

46 (96)

  Miscellaneous

0

12 (3)*

2 (4)**

ICU management within the first 48 h

 Antimicrobial agents

161 (92)

435 (100)

45 (94)

 < 0.001

  Vasopressors

371 (85)

147 (83)

37 (71)

0.32

  Prone positioning

130 (74)

41 (9)

9 (19)

 < 0.001

  Number of sessions

3 (2–5)

2 (1,5–2,5)

1 (1–2)

 < 0.001

  Anaesthesia ventilator

12 (7)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 < 0.001

  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

10 (6)

14 (3)

5 (10)

0.04

  Renal replacement therapy

51 (29)

44 (10)

9 (19)

 < 0.001

  Blood transfusions

67 (38)

223 (51)

18 (37)

0.01

  Corticosteroids

12 (6)

213 (49)

0 (0)

 < 0.001

Outcomes

 Total duration of mechanical ventilation, days

17 (10–28)

8 (5–16)

7 (4–13)

 < 0.001

  ICU length of stay, days

20 (12–30)

10 (6–19))

9 (6–16)

 < 0.001

  ICU mortality

55 (31)

143 (33)

12 (25)

 < 0.001

  1. ICU, intensive care unit, ICU-AI, intensive care unit-acquired infections, COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SAPS2, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2, SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, WBC, white blood cell. Variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage) as appropriate
  2. * Including fungi (n = 10) and mycobacteria (n = 2), **Including metapneumovirus (n = 1) and cytomegalovirus (n = 1)
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