Table 1 Patient characteristics stratified by quartiles of P-PENK and P-NGAL at baseline
All | P-PENK Q1 | P-PENK Q2 | P-PENK Q3 | P-PENK Q4 | p | P-NGAL Q1 | P-NGAL Q2 | P-NGAL Q3 | P-NGAL Q4 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 154 | N = 38 | N = 38 | N = 38 | N = 38 | N = 36 | N = 37 | N = 37 | N = 36 | |||
Age, years; (SD) | 66 (12) | 62 (10) | 62 (15) | 69 (10) | 72 (11) | < 0.001 | 62 (13) | 67 (12) | 69 (11) | 68 (12) | 0.09 |
Women | 40 (26%) | 8 (21%) | 9 (24%) | 10 (26%) | 13 (34%) | 0.66 | 5 (14%) | 11 (30%) | 11 (30%) | 10 (28%) | 0.34 |
BMI, kg/m2; (SD) | 27.1 (4.1) | 27.5 (4.5) | 27.1 (3.6) | 26.6 (4.1) | 26.9 (4.3) | 0.84 | 27.3 (4.0) | 25.6 (3.5) | 28.0 (4.6) | 27.3 (4.1) | 0.09 |
Medical history | |||||||||||
Hypertension | 96 (62%) | 20 (53) | 20 (53) | 28 (64%) | 26 (68%) | 0.14 | 16 (44%) | 21 (57%) | 30 (81%) | 25 (69%) | 0.008 |
Coronary artery disease | 51 (33%) | 6 (16%) | 11 (29%) | 15 (40%) | 19 (50%) | 0.01 | 10 (28%) | 10 (27%) | 16 (43%) | 15 (42%) | 0.31 |
Previous myocardial infarction or CABG | 39 (25%) | 6 (16%) | 9 (24%) | 13 (24%) | 11 (29%) | 0.32 | 9 (25%) | 7 (19%) | 12 (32%) | 11 (31%) | 0.55 |
Heart failure | 24 (16%) | 2 (5%) | 5 (13%) | 8 (21%) | 9 (24%) | 0.13 | 2 (6%) | 5 (14%) | 6 (16%) | 11 (31%) | 0.03 |
Diabetes mellitus | 43 (28%) | 7 (18%) | 13 (34%) | 11 (29%) | 12 (32%) | 0.48 | 7 (19%) | 5 (14%) | 17 (46%) | 13 (36%) | 0.007 |
Renal insufficiency | 17 (11%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (13%) | 11 (29%) | < 0.001 | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 6 (16%) | 10 (28%) | 0.001 |
Smoking | 62 (41%) | 17 (45%) | 22 (58%) | 14 (38%) | 9 (24%) | 0.02 | 18 (50%) | 15 (42%) | 18 (49%) | 8 (22%) | 0.06 |
Medications in use at admission | |||||||||||
ACEI or ARB | 63 (41%) | 14 (37%) | 11 (29%) | 19 (50%) | 18 (49%) | 0.20 | 14 (39%) | 10 (27%) | 18 (49%) | 17 (49%) | 0.19 |
Diuretics | 43 (28%) | 5 (13%) | 10 (26%) | 12 (32%) | 15 (41%) | 0.06 | 6 (17%) | 7 (19%) | 15 (41%) | 15 (43%) | 0.02 |
Clinical presentation at baseline | |||||||||||
Oliguria | 79 (52%) | 18 (49%) | 15 (40%) | 19 (50%) | 26 (72%) | 0.04 | 14 (40%) | 16 (43%) | 20 (54%) | 28 (80%) | 0.003 |
CardShock risk score, points; mean (SD) | 4.2 (1.8) | 3.1 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.8) | 5.5 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 3.1 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.6) | 4.6 (1.5) | 5.6 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
IABP II SHOCK risk score, points; mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.8) | 2.8 (1.5) | 0.04 | 1.1 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.7) | 2.6 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
ACS etiology of cardiogenic shock | 124 (81%) | 31 (82%) | 31 (82%) | 32 (84%) | 28 (74%) | 0.77 | 29 (81%) | 30 (81%) | 32 (87%) | 25 (69%) | 0.33 |
Resuscitated | 44 (29%) | 10 (26%) | 8 (22%) | 12 (32%) | 14 (37%) | 0.51 | 7 (19%) | 12 (32%) | 8 (22%) | 14 (39%) | 0.24 |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg; mean (SD) | 57 (11) | 59 (10) | 56 (11) | 56 (11) | 58 (10) | 0.63 | 57 (10) | 59 (12) | 57 (10) | 58 (11) | 0.85 |
LVEF, % (SD) | 33 (13) | 35 (15) | 30 (11) | 36 (13) | 30 (13) | 0.10 | 36 (14) | 32 (11) | 32 (11) | 31 (15) | 0.29 |
Laboratory test results at baseline | |||||||||||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2; mean (SD) | 65 (28) | 90 (22) | 70 (20) | 61 (24) | 39 (22) | < 0.001 | 89 (17) | 72 (24) | 59 (22) | 37 (22) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine mg/dL; median (IQR) | 1.12 (0.87–1.54) | 0.76 (0.63–1.01) | 1.10 (0.90–1.31) | 1.18 (0.93–1.47) | 1.69 (1.29–2.56) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.67–1.01) | 1.00 (0.86–1.26) | 1.22 (1.04–1.41) | 1.93 (1.48–2.61) | < 0.001 |
NT-proBNP, ng/L; median (IQR) | 2247 (550–8253) | 1125 (242–3930) | 2582 (630–8414) | 1701 (251–7390) | 6949 (2342–27,361) | < 0.001 | 1666 (371–5434) | 1611 (425–5558) | 2475 (678–7162) | 8811 (2485–30,442) | < 0.001 |
hs-TnT, ng/L; median (IQR) | 2275 (379–5985) | 2571 (531–6643) | 2439 (441–4933) | 1635 (310–6820) | 1857 (124–8061) | 0.92 | 1187 (327–5336) | 2862 (573–9346) | 2601 (603–7689) | 1597 (136–5616) | 0.39 |
CRP, mg/L; median (IQR) | 13 (4–48) | 7 (4–45) | 18 (5–73) | 7 (3–46) | 25 (9–61) | 0.13 | 8 (4–40) | 6 (3–37) | 19 (5–46) | 27 (9–101) | 0.02 |
Leukocytes (10E9); mean (SD) | 13.6 (5.2) | 14.2 (6.1) | 14.4 (4.7) | 13.4 (4.5) | 12.7 (5.4) | 0.48 | 11.2 (4.2) | 14.9 (5.1) | 14.1 (4.6) | 13.3 (6.0) | 0.02 |
Hemoglobin, (g/dL); mean (SD) | 13.0 (2.4) | 13.2 (1.9) | 13.2 (2.6) | 13.6 (2.0) | 11.9 (2.5) | 0.008 | 12.9 (2.3) | 13.5 (1.9) | 13.3 (2.5) | 11.8 (2.5) | 0.008 |
Alanine aminotransferase, (IU/L); median (IQR) | 42 (20–87) | 29 (17–63) | 43 (21–101) | 42 (19–81) | 54 (20–164) | 0.18 | 24 (14–63) | 46 (25–77) | 43 (20–85) | 83 (17–260) | 0.04 |
Alkaline phosphatase, (IU/L); median (IQR) | 61 (49–81) | 55 (42–71) | 64 (53–87) | 62 (49–78) | 65 (20–112) | 0.048 | 53 (40–74) | 62 (49–81) | 70 (59–91) | 64 (53–85) | 0.02 |
Lactate, mmol/L; median (IQR) | 2.6 (1.6–5.2) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) | 2.5 (2.0–4.6) | 2.7 (1.7–5.9) | 3.9 (2.6–8.4) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.1–2.5) | 2.6 (1.5–3.9) | 2.6 (2.1–6.0) | 5.2 (2.7–8.6) | < 0.001 |
P-PENK, pmol/mL; median (IQR) | 99 (71–150) | 54 (42–63) | 81 (75–88) | 120 (108–136) | 211 (180–271) | < 0.001 | 68 (55–85) | 102 (68–133) | 103 (80–139) | 211 (136–261) | < 0.001 |
P-NGAL, ng/mL; median (IQR) | 138 (84–214) | 78 (55–113) | 132 (81–169) | 146 (99–182) | 287 (139–452) | < 0.001 | 61 (51–72) | 118 (97–126) | 164 (150–176) | 323 (259–462) | < 0.001 |
AKI by 48 h | 47 (31%) | 5 (13%) | 12 (31%) | 17 (45%) | 12 (30%) | 0.03 | 4 (11%) | 13 (35%) | 13 (35%) | 16 (44%) | 0.02 |
90-day mortality; N = (%) | 58 (38%) | 7 (18%) | 13 (35%) | 15 (41%) | 22 (58%) | 0.005 | 7 (19%) | 13 (35%) | 17 (49%) | 21 (58%) | 0.005 |