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Table 2 Outcomes

From: Virtual reality vs. Kalinox® for management of pain in intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a randomized study

 

Whole cohort (n = 180)

Kalinox® (n = 90)

VR (n = 90)

p value

PP

ITT

Primary outcome

ΔANI

− 15.38 ± 12.20

− 15.06 ± 12.85

− 15.70 ± 11.58

  

Secondary outcomes

Time with ANI > 60 (%)

83 [43–100]

77 [39–100]

85 [44–100]

0.503

 

ANI minimal value, n (%):

ANI < 50

56 (31.1)

30 (33.3)

26 (28.9)

0.63

 

ANI < 40

16 (8.9)

9 (10)

7 (7.8)

0.79

 

NRS pain

Before procedure

3.0 [1.0–5.0]

3.0 [2.0–5.0]

2.5 [1.0–4.3]

0.164

0.29

Immediately after procedure

4.0 [2.0–6.0]

3.0 [2.0–6.0]

5.0 [3.0–7.0]

0.009

0.03

10 min after procedure

2.0 [1.0–3.0]

1.0 [0.0–2.0]

2.0 [1.0–3.0]

0.065

0.06

NRS anxiety

Before procedure

3.0 [1.0–5.0]

4.0 [1.5–5.0]

3.0 [1.0–5.0]

0.407

 

Immediately after procedure

3.0 [1.0–5.0]

3.0 [1.0–5.0]

3.0 [1.0–6.0]

0.444

 

10 min after procedure

1.0 [0.0–3.0]

1.0 [0.0–3.0]

1.0 [0.0–3.0]

0.785

 

Morphine use

Before procedure

13 (7.2)

7 (7.8)

6 (6.7)

0.773

 

After procedure

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.2)

0.155

 

Patient satisfaction

0.002

 

Unsatisfied

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Not very satisfied

10 (5.6)

1 (1.1)

9 (10)

0.01

 

Satisfied

58 (32.2)

23 (25.6)

35 (38.9)

0.06

 

Very satisfied

112 (62.2)

66 (73.3)

46 (51.1)

0.002

 

Nurse satisfaction

0.69

 

Unsatisfied

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Poorly satisfied

5 (2.8)

2 (2.2)

3 (3.3)

0.65

 

Satisfied

21 (11.6)

9 (10)

12 (13.3)

0.49

 

Very satisfied

154 (85.6)

79 (87.8)

75 (83.3)

0.40

 
  1. Values are given in mean ± SD when appropriate or median [25–75 interquartile range] or n (%)
  2. ANI analgesia/nociception index 0–100, ITT intention to treat analysis, NRS numerical rating scale 0–10, PP per-protocol analysis, VR virtual reality