Table 3 Comparison of patient characteristics, therapy, and outcome within the four temperature-trajectory phenotypes
From: Novel phenotypes of coronavirus disease: a temperature-based trajectory model
Variables | Phenotype-1 Normothermic (n = 1217) | Phenotype-2 Fever, fast resolvers (n = 189) | Phenotype-3 Gradual fever onset (n = 122) | Phenotype-4 Fever, slow resolvers (n = 52) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | |||||
Age [n (%)] | 57.7 ± 14.6 | 58.1 ± 13.4 | 57.7 ± 12.2 | 55.2 ± 13.0 | 0.639 |
Male [n (%)] | 603 (49.5) | 117 (61.9) | 74 (60.6) | 44 (84.6) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension [n (%)] | 314 (25.8) | 37 (19.5) | 34 (27.8) | 12 (23.0) | 0.262 |
Diabetes mellitus [n (%)] | 145 (11.9) | 20 (10.5) | 13 (10.6) | 6 (11.5) | 0.938 |
Chronic heart diseases [n (%)] | 90 (7.3) | 7 (3.7) | 6 (4.9) | 1 (2.0) | 0.100 |
Severity of COVID-19 | < 0.001 | ||||
Mild [n (%)] | 846 (69.5) | 105 (55.5) | 64 (52.4) | 26 (50.0) | |
Severe [n (%)] | 251 (20.6) | 50 (26.4) | 27 (22.1) | 12 (21.4) | |
Critical [n (%)] | 120 (9.8) | 34 (17.9) | 31 (25.4) | 14 (26.9) | |
Inflammatory markers | |||||
Initial neutrophil count (10^9/L) | 5.0 ± 3.2 | 5.8 ± 3.5 | 5.5 ± 3.7 | 4.7 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
Maximum neutrophil count (10^9/L) | 6.4 ± 4.9 | 8.1 ± 5.7 | 8.7 ± 6.1 | 9.1 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
Change of neutrophil count (10^9/L) | 1.4 ± 3.4 | 2.3 ± 4.4 | 3.1 ± 4.6 | 4.3 ± 5.2 | < 0.001 |
Initial lymphocyte count (10^9/L) | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
Minimum lymphocyte count (10^9/L) | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Change of lymphocyte count (10^9/L) | − 0.13 ± 0.30 | − 0.19 ± 0.41 | − 0.30 ± 0.40 | − 0.34 ± 0.44 | < 0.001 |
Initial CRP level (mmol/L) | 30 ± 39 (n = 250) | 54 ± 42 (n = 47) | 40 ± 44 (n = 33) | 62 ± 52 (n = 13) | < 0.001 |
Maximum CRP level (mmol/L) | 39 ± 45 | 64 ± 43 | 75 ± 57 | 105 ± 53 | < 0.001 |
Change of CRP level (mmol/L) | 8 ± 24 | 10 ± 24 | 34 ± 37 | 43 ± 41 | < 0.001 |
Initial SOFA score | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | 2 (1–2.5) | < 0.001 |
Maximum SOFA score | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | < 0.001 |
Immunotherapy | |||||
Corticosteroid therapy [n (%)] | 314 (25.8) | 94 (49.7) | 49 (40.1) | 32 (61.5) | < 0.001 |
Gamma-globulin therapy [n (%)] | 257 (21.1) | 70 (37.0) | 54 (44.2) | 25 (48.0) | < 0.001 |
Interferon therapy [n (%)] | 187 (15.3) | 22 (11.6) | 18 (14.7) | 5 (9.6) | 0.405 |
Clinical outcomes | |||||
In-hospital death [n (%)] | 138 (11.3) | 39 (20.6) | 31 (25.4) | 15 (28.8) | < 0.001 |
ARDS [n (%)] | 249 (20.4) | 65 (34.3) | 44 (36.0) | 19 (36.5) | < 0.001 |
Intubation [n (%)] | 61 (5.0) | 24 (12.7) | 11 (9.0) | 8 (15.4) | < 0.001 |
Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) | 6.7 ± 5.2 | 7.1 ± 5.4 | 5.9 ± 4.1 | 6.2 ± 5.5 | 0.905 |
Hospital length of stay (days) | 12.4 ± 6.8 | 14.7 ± 8.2 | 15.2 ± 7.3 | 16.8 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 |