Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients and final acute kidney injury status
Characteristics | Overall n = 313a | No AKI n = 73a | AKI n = 240a |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 54.5 (13.9) | 51.6 (13.8) | 55.4 (13.9) |
Male sex | 219 (70%) | 49 (67%) | 170 (71%) |
Ethnicity: White | 119 (46%) | 25 (42%) | 94 (47%) |
 Black | 90 (35%) | 16 (27%) | 74 (37%) |
 Others | 49 (19%) | 18 (31%) | 31 (16%) |
Admission: ED | 94 (30%) | 18 (25%) | 76 (32%) |
 Ward | 102 (33%) | 24 (33%) | 78 (32%) |
 Transfer from other ICUs | 114 (36%) | 31 (42%) | 83 (35%) |
 Others | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.2%) |
Infection setting: Community-acquired | 275 (90%) | 61 (85%) | 214 (91%) |
 Hospital acquired | 8 (2.6%) | 1 (1.4%) | 7 (3.0%) |
 Occupational | 24 (7.8%) | 10 (14%) | 14 (6.0%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 (6.5) | 27.9 (5.2) | 30.1 (6.7) |
Current smoker | 13 (6.1%) | 6 (11%) | 7 (4.3%) |
Admission SOFA score | 5.4 (2.6) | 3.9 (2.3) | 5.9 (2.5) |
APACHE II Score | 14.2 (4.8) | 12.5 (4.8) | 14.7 (4.7) |
Clinical frailty score | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.6 (1.0) |
Comorbidities: diabetes | 95 (30%) | 12 (16%) | 83 (35%) |
 Asthma | 48 (15%) | 14 (19%) | 34 (14%) |
 Hypertension | 126 (40%) | 19 (26%) | 107 (45%) |
 Coronary artery disease | 15 (4.8%) | 2 (2.7%) | 13 (5.4%) |
 Congestive heart failure | 14 (4.5%) | 2 (2.7%) | 12 (5.0%) |
 Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter | 11 (3.5%) | 1 (1.4%) | 10 (4.2%) |
 COPD | 12 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (5.0%) |
 Chronic kidney disease | 22 (7.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 21 (8.8%) |
 Chronic liver disease | 12 (3.8%) | 1 (1.4%) | 11 (4.6%) |
 HIV infection | 7 (2.2%) | 3 (4.1%) | 4 (1.7%) |
 Malignancy | 14 (4.5%) | 3 (4.1%) | 11 (4.6%) |
 Other coinfections | 42 (13%) | 9 (12%) | 33 (14%) |
 Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.3) |
Type of ventilation on admission: | Â | Â | Â |
 Invasive | 254 (81.2%) | 48 (65.8%) | 206 (85.8%) |
 Non-invasive | 4 (1.3%) | 0 | 4 (1.7%) |
 High-flow nasal cannula | 21 (6.7%) | 8 (11.0%) | 13 (5.4%) |
 None | 34 (10.9%) | 17 (23.3%) | 17 (7.1%) |
Vasopressor support on admission | 133 (42.5%) | 23 (31.5%) | 110 (45.8%) |
ECMO | 58 (18.5%) | 18 (24.7%) | 40 (16.7%) |
Medications: ACE-Inhibitor | 54 (17%) | 8 (11%) | 46 (19%) |
ARB | 39 (12%) | 5 (6.8%) | 34 (14%) |
Baseline creatinineb | 86.2 (38.7) | 73.7 (31.7) | 90.0 (39.9) |
pH | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) |
PaO2 (kPa) | 11.6 (5.0) | 11.7 (5.1) | 11.5 (5.0) |
Ionised calcium (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.2 (2.0) | 1.9 (1.8) | 2.2 (2.0) |
Chloride (mEq/L) | 99.8 (5.7) | 99.5 (6.4) | 99.9 (5.5) |
White blood cells (10^9/L) | 9.9 (4.8) | 9.7 (5.2) | 9.9 (4.6) |
Neutrophils (10^9/L) | 8.4 (4.4) | 8.4 (4.7) | 8.4 (4.3) |
Lymphocytes (10^9/L) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.6) |
Haemoglobin (g/L) | 115.8 (22.1) | 114.4 (24.5) | 116.2 (21.3) |
Platelet (10^9/L) | 253.2 (108.7) | 284.1 (128.8) | 243.8 (100.3) |
Urea (mmol/L) | 10.1 (9.4) | 6.7 (4.3) | 11.0 (10.2) |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 121.0 (101.7) | 70.4 (30.7) | 136.4 (110.4) |
Albumin (g/L) | 31.2 (6.4) | 31.1 (6.3) | 31.2 (6.4) |
ALT (U/L) | 67.2 (115.7) | 49.8 (41.9) | 72.4 (129.2) |
Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 12.8 (16.3) | 9.4 (5.8) | 13.7 (18.2) |
CRP (mg/L) | 203.6 (137.3) | 166.9 (129.7) | 214.9 (137.8) |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.5 (6.3) | 139.3 (6.6) | 138.3 (6.2) |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.5 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.9) |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 24.5 (5.5) | 26.9 (6.6) | 23.8 (5.0) |
Fibrinogen (g/L) | 6.8 (2.0) | 6.7 (1.9) | 6.8 (2.1) |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 1,991.3 (2,672.8) | 1,332.2 (1,233.7) | 2,199.1 (2,958.3) |
PaO2/FiO2, kPa | 21.0 (12.5) | 23.3 (11.9) | 20.4 (12.6) |
Urine output (ml) | 1,078.0 (818.5) | 1,289.9 (787.0) | 1,014.1 (818.6) |