Acute kidney injury prevalence, progression and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a cohort study

Annals of Intensive Care

Table 3 Adjusted* hazard ratios for acute kidney injury progression in intensive care unit according to therapies

Variable	Patients with AKI progression	Patients with no AKI progression	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P-value
Cumulative net balance at 48 h (each 1000 ml)			1.205	1.108, 1.311	< 0.001
Ventilation type
None	5	26	1 (ref)
Invasive	89	100	4.114	1.614, 10.485	0.003
Non-invasive/mask/HFNC	6	14	2.677	0.783, 9.150	0.116
Vasopressor
No	51	94	1 (ref)
Yes	49	46	1.355	0.906, 2.025	0.139
ECMO
No	88	112	1 (ref)
Yes	12	28	0.808	0.411, 1.590	0.538
Prone position
No	50	100	1 (ref)
Yes	50	40	0.926	0.671, 1.279	0.642
Remdesivir
No	98	131	1 (ref)
Yes	2	9	0.407	0.055, 2.985	0.376
New steroids
No	28	71	1 (ref)
Yes	72	69	0.730	0.550, 0.970	0.030
Anticoagulation use (excluding thromboembolism prophylaxis)
No	47	92	1 (ref)
Yes	53	48	0.833	0.580, 1.196	0.322
Total	100	140

^*adjustment for age, sex, and the following factors measured at ICU admission: AKI stage, HCO₃⁻, bilirubin, ALT, iCa, PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio, BMI, and Charlson Comorbidity Index
HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; AKI, acute kidney injury; CI, confidence interval