Table 2 Details on antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
Characteristic | Numbers (%) |
|---|---|
Infection management and ASP | |
ASP available in the ICU | 499 (63%) |
Any restriction of antimicrobials | 478 (62%) |
Availability of local treatment guidelines | 619 (82%) |
Quantitative monitoring of antimicrobial use | 409 (56%) |
Availability of cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility reports | 506 (70%) |
Use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) | 435 (61%) |
Use of prolonged/continuous infusion of antimicrobials | 539 (76%) |
Implementation of restriction of antimicrobials | |
Antibiotic order forms | 198 (41%) |
Pre-authorization | 156 (33%) |
Post-authorization | 125 (26%) |
Post-prescription review | 130 (27%) |
Telephone feedback | 114 (24%) |
Formulary restriction | 89 (19%) |
Mandatory bedside consultation | 91 (19%) |
Computerized alerts | 56 (12%) |
Automatic stop orders | 43 (9%) |
Availability of guidelines/standards | |
De-escalation of therapy | 410 (50%) |
Duration of therapy | 377 (46%) |
Dose optimization | 357 (44%) |
Discontinuation | 266 (33%) |
Antimicrobials with available TDM | |
Glycopeptides | 387 (89%) |
Aminoglycosides | 333 (77%) |
Carbapenems | 138 (32%) |
Penicillins | 131 (30%) |
Azole antifungals | 117 (27%) |
Cephalosporins | 76 (17%) |
Linezolid | 68 (16%) |
Echinocandin antifungals | 66 (15%) |
Colistin | 52 (12%) |
Quinolones | 44 (10%) |
Daptomycin | 36 (8%) |
Antimicrobials with prolonged/continuous infusion | |
Penicillins | 410 (76%) |
Carbapenems | 405 (75%) |
Glycopeptides | 269 (50%) |
Cephalosporins | 163 (30%) |
Linezolid | 71 (13%) |
Azole antifungals | 39 (7%) |