Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included patients in the analysis
Overall N = 868 | Survivors N = 533 | Non-Survivors N = 335 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 64 (11) | 59 (12) | 66 (10) | < 0.001 |
Female sex | 243 (28) | 134 (30.8) | 79 (23.6) | 0.013 |
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/cm2 | 29 (5) | 29 (5) | 29 (5) | 0.317 |
SAPS3, mean (SD), points | 57.2 (11.0) | 55.2 (9.8) | 60.2 (12.1) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 401 (46) | 223 (42) | 178 (53) | 0.001 |
Obesity | 268 (31) | 176 (33) | 92 (27) | 0.049 |
Diabetes | 209 (24) | 103 (19) | 106 (32) | < 0.001 |
Previous therapy | ||||
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 172 (20) | 95 (18) | 77 (23) | 0.039 |
Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 122 (15) | 69 (13) | 53 (16) | 0.139 |
Steroids | 34 (4) | 15 (3) | 19 (6) | 0.028 |
Days from initiation symptoms to admission at hospital, median (P25, P75) | 7 (4, 9) | 7 (5, 9) | 6 (4, 8) | 0.078 |
Days from admission at hospital until orotracheal intubation, median (P25, P75) | 3 (2, 6) | 3 (1, 5) | 3 (1, 7) | 0.001 |
Noninvasive Respiratory support at ward | 0.066 | |||
Oxygen mask alone | 644 (74) | 421 (79) | 223 (67) | |
High flow oxygen nasal cannula alone | 105 (12) | 66 (12) | 39 (12) | |
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation alone | 98 (11) | 54 (10.1) | 44 (13) | |
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation and High flow oxygen nasal cannula | 21 (2) | 10 (2) | 11 (3) | |
Ventilatory management at ICU admission | ||||
Tidal volume, mean (SD), ml/kg PBW | 7.2 (1) | 7.2 (1) | 7.2 (2) | 0.476 |
PEEP, mean (SD), cm of water | 13 (3) | 13 (3) | 13 (3) | 0.407 |
Ratio PaO2/FiO2, mean (SD) | 105 (48) | 108 (47) | 100 (48) | 0.016 |
D-dimer, median (P25, P75), mg/ml, | 3.5 (1, 17) | 4 (1, 20) | 3.5 (1, 12) | 0.425 |
Ventilatory ratio, mean (SD) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.009 |
Ratio neutrophil: lymphocyte, median (P25, P75) | 13 (7, 22) | 11 (7, 18) | 16 (9, 28) | 0.428 |
Selective Digestive Decontamination | 450 (52) | 301 (56) | 149 (45) | < 0.001 |
Immunomodulator therapy | 347 (40) | 210 (39) | 137 (41) | 0.357 |
Steroids | 0.104 | |||
No | 449 (52) | 276 (52) | 173 (52) | |
Methylprednisolone ≤ 1 mg/kg | 206 (24) | 137 (26) | 69 (21) | |
Methylprednisolone > 1 mg/kg | 213 (24) | 120 (22) | 93 (28) | |
Compassionate therapies received during hospital stay | 0.013 | |||
None | 155 (17.9) | 89 (16.7) | 66 (19.7) | |
Antiviral therapy only | 196 (22.6) | 136 (25.5) | 60 (17.9) | |
Immunomodulatory agents only | 71 (8.2) | 35 (6.6) | 36 (10.8) | |
Antiviral and inmunomodulatory therapies | 446 (51.4) | 273 (51.2) | 173 (51.6) | |
Antiviral therapy | 796 (92) | 492 (92) | 304 (91) | 0.245 |
Anticoagulation therapy | 90 (10) | 55 (10) | 35 (10) | 0.342 |
Norepinephrinea | < 0.001 | |||
No | 306 (32) | 203 (38) | 103 (31) | |
Low doses | 105 (12) | 44 (8) | 61 (18) | |
High doses | 457 (53) | 286 (54) | 171 (51) | |
Days until intubation, median (P25, P75) | 3 (1, 6) | 3 (1, 5) | 3 (1, 7) | 0.002 |
Meet ARDS criteria at ICU admission | ||||
At ICU admission | 0.009 | |||
On day 2 from starting ventilatory support | < 0.001 | |||
Mild ARDS | ||||
At ICU admission | 220 (25.4) | 136 (25.5) | 84 (25.1) | |
On day 2 from starting ventilatory support | 331 (38.2) | 232 (43.6) | 99 (29.6) | |
Moderate ARDS | ||||
At t ICU admission | 409 (47.1) | 267 (50.1) | 142 (42.4) | |
On day 2 from starting ventilatory support | 410 (47.3) | 239 (44.9) | 171 (51.2) | |
Severe ARDS | ||||
At ICU admission | 239 (27.5) | 130 (24.4) | 109 (32.5) | |
On day 2 from starting ventilatory support | 125 (14.4) | 61 (11.5) | 64 (19.2) |