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Table 2 Main patients’ characteristics at in-ICU cardiac arrest occurrence according to outcome at day 90

From: Incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcome after unexpected cardiac arrest among critically ill adults with COVID-19: insight from the multicenter prospective ACICOVID-19 registry

Characteristic

All patients

(N = 146)

Favorable

(N = 30)

Unfavorable

(N = 116)

p value

Severity of illness at the time of CA

    

 SOFA score

11 [7–15]

7 [4–9]

12 [8–15]

 < 0.001

 Organ failures (SOFA organ sub-score ≥ 3)

    

  Respiratory

98 (67)

16 (53)

82 (71)

0.001

  Neurologic

91 (62)

15 (50)

76 (66)

0.007

  Circulatory

64 (44)

8 (27)

66 (57)

0.003

  Renal

47 (32)

4 (13)

43 (37)

0.002

  Hepatic

4 (3)

0 (0)

4 (3)

0.28

  Hematologic

2 (1)

0 (0)

2 (2)

0.46

 SOFA > 9

81 (55)

7 (23)

74 (64)

 < 0.001

CA history

    

 Interval from Covid-19 first symptoms to CA, days

21 [14–31]

25 [17–37]

20 [13–31]

0.04

 Interval from hospital admission to CA, days

13 [6–24]

19 [10–30]

12 [6–23]

0.04

 Interval from ICU admission to CA, days

11 [5–22]

15 [7–29]

9 [5–21]

0.07

 Witnessed CA

130 (89)

28 (93)

102 (88)

0.66

 Immediate bystander CPR

125 (86)

28 (93)

97 (83)

0.28

 VT/VF

14 (10)

5 (17)

9 (8)

0.14

 No-flow duration, min

0 [0 – 0]

0 [0 – 0]

0 [0–0]

0.53

 Low-flow duration, min

4 [2–10]

3 [1–5]

5 [2–13]

0.004

 Total epinephrine bolus dose, mg

2 [1–5]

1 [1–2]

2 [2–6]

 < 0.001

 Intubation during or immediately after CPR

22 (15)

7 (23)

15 (13)

0.17

CA circumstances

    

 At night or during weekend

101 (69)

24 (80)

77 (66)

0.15

  ≤ 24 h after ICU admission

17 (12)

2 (7)

15 (13)

0.34

 Nursing procedure

11 (8)

4 (13)

7 (6)

0.18

 Immediately after ICU admission

6 (4)

0 (0)

6 (5)

0.20

 During intra-hospital transfer

2 (1)

0 (0)

2 (2)

0.47

Ongoing treatments at the time of CA

    

 Mechanical ventilation

132 (90)

25 (83)

97 (84)

0.68

 Vasopressors

83 (57)

12 (40)

61 (53)

0.04

 Renal replacement therapy

27 (18)

1 (3)

26 (22)

0.02

 Prone position

24 (16)

2 (7)

22 (19)

0.11

 ECMO

13 (9)a

2 (7)

11 (9)

0.63

Last available parameters at the time of CAb

    

 Mean arterial pressure, mmHg

76 [63–91]

86 [77–94]

73 [60–87]

 < 0.001

 Heart rate, bpm

94 [79–110]

92 [82–107]

95 [78–110]

0.84

 FiO2, %

71 [40–100]

40 [31–60]

90 [50–100]

 < 0.001

 Temperature, °C

37.3 [36.5–38.1]

37.5 [37.0–37.8]

37.2 [36.4–38.1]

0.49

Last available biological parameters prior to in-ICU CA

    

 pH

7.33 [7.22–7.41]

7.40 [7.31–7.43]

7.31 [7.20–7.41]

0.003

 PaCO2, Torr

51 [40–61]

46 [40–58]

53 [40–62]

0.35

 PaO2, Torr

73 [60–93]

81 [70–104]

69 [58–90]

0.02

 PaO2/FiO2

119 [67–208]

210 [141–247]

98 [62–175]

 < 0.001

 Bicarbonate, mmol/l

26 [22–31]

29 [25–31]

25 [22–31]

0.02

 Arterial lactate, mmol/l

1.5 [1.0–2.0]

1.1 [0.8–1.7]

1.5 [1.1–2.7]

0.004

 Creatinine, μmol/l

117 [59–263]

87 [43–133]

124 [67–275]

0.02

One or more CA confirmed or suspected etiology

    

 At least one cause identified

132 (90)

30 (100)

102 (88)

0.05

 Acute hypoxia

59 (40)

17 (57)

42 (36)

0.06

  Endotracheal tube or tracheotomy obstruction

19 (13)

8 (27)

11 (9)

0.18

  During intubation procedure

16 (11)

6 (20)

10 (9)

0.48

  Unplanned extubation

4 (3)

1 (3)

3 (3)

0.80

  Hemoptysis

3 (2)

2 (7)

3 (3)

0.24

  Pneumothorax

2 (1)

1 (3)

1 (1)

0.54

  Unknown cause

15 (10)

2 (7)

13 (11)

0.09

 Refractory septic shock

19 (13)

5 (17)

14 (12)

0.17

 Massive pulmonary embolism

24 (16)

1 (3)

23 (20)

0.02

 Drug side effect

10 (7)

5 (17)

5 (4)

0.03

 Acute metabolic disorder

10 (7)

1 (3)

9 (8)

0.32

 Cardiac conductive disorders

7 (5)

3 (10)

4 (3)

0.19

 Hemorrhagic shock

2 (1)

0 (0)

2 (2)

0.44

 Acute myocarditis

4 (3)

1 (3)

3 (3)

0.91

 ECMO dysfunction

5 (3)

0 (0)

5 (4)

0.22

 Acute coronary syndrome

3 (2)

1 (3)

2 (2)

0.66

 Other etiologies

3 (2)

1 (3)

2 (2)

0.66

  1. Results are expressed as N (%) or median [25–75% interquartile range] unless expressed otherwise. Favorable outcome: modified Rankin scale ranging from 0 to 3 at day 90 after CA; unfavorable outcome: modified Rankin scale ranging from 4 to 6 at day 90 after CA; ICU: intensive care unit; CA: cardiac arrest; SOFA: sepsis-related organ failure assessment score; VT/VF: ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane of oxygenation; FiO2: inspired fraction of oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PaO2: partial pressure of arterial oxygen
  2. aIncluding 12 patients treated with veno-venous ECMO and one patient treated with veno-arterial ECMO
  3. bWithin one hour before the CA occurrence