Characteristic | All patients (N = 146) | Favorable (N = 30) | Unfavorable (N = 116) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Severity of illness at the time of CA | ||||
SOFA score | 11 [7–15] | 7 [4–9] | 12 [8–15] | < 0.001 |
Organ failures (SOFA organ sub-score ≥ 3) | ||||
Respiratory | 98 (67) | 16 (53) | 82 (71) | 0.001 |
Neurologic | 91 (62) | 15 (50) | 76 (66) | 0.007 |
Circulatory | 64 (44) | 8 (27) | 66 (57) | 0.003 |
Renal | 47 (32) | 4 (13) | 43 (37) | 0.002 |
Hepatic | 4 (3) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 0.28 |
Hematologic | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.46 |
SOFA > 9 | 81 (55) | 7 (23) | 74 (64) | < 0.001 |
CA history | ||||
Interval from Covid-19 first symptoms to CA, days | 21 [14–31] | 25 [17–37] | 20 [13–31] | 0.04 |
Interval from hospital admission to CA, days | 13 [6–24] | 19 [10–30] | 12 [6–23] | 0.04 |
Interval from ICU admission to CA, days | 11 [5–22] | 15 [7–29] | 9 [5–21] | 0.07 |
Witnessed CA | 130 (89) | 28 (93) | 102 (88) | 0.66 |
Immediate bystander CPR | 125 (86) | 28 (93) | 97 (83) | 0.28 |
VT/VF | 14 (10) | 5 (17) | 9 (8) | 0.14 |
No-flow duration, min | 0 [0 – 0] | 0 [0 – 0] | 0 [0–0] | 0.53 |
Low-flow duration, min | 4 [2–10] | 3 [1–5] | 5 [2–13] | 0.004 |
Total epinephrine bolus dose, mg | 2 [1–5] | 1 [1–2] | 2 [2–6] | < 0.001 |
Intubation during or immediately after CPR | 22 (15) | 7 (23) | 15 (13) | 0.17 |
CA circumstances | ||||
At night or during weekend | 101 (69) | 24 (80) | 77 (66) | 0.15 |
≤ 24 h after ICU admission | 17 (12) | 2 (7) | 15 (13) | 0.34 |
Nursing procedure | 11 (8) | 4 (13) | 7 (6) | 0.18 |
Immediately after ICU admission | 6 (4) | 0 (0) | 6 (5) | 0.20 |
During intra-hospital transfer | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.47 |
Ongoing treatments at the time of CA | ||||
Mechanical ventilation | 132 (90) | 25 (83) | 97 (84) | 0.68 |
Vasopressors | 83 (57) | 12 (40) | 61 (53) | 0.04 |
Renal replacement therapy | 27 (18) | 1 (3) | 26 (22) | 0.02 |
Prone position | 24 (16) | 2 (7) | 22 (19) | 0.11 |
ECMO | 13 (9)a | 2 (7) | 11 (9) | 0.63 |
Last available parameters at the time of CAb | ||||
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 76 [63–91] | 86 [77–94] | 73 [60–87] | < 0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 94 [79–110] | 92 [82–107] | 95 [78–110] | 0.84 |
FiO2, % | 71 [40–100] | 40 [31–60] | 90 [50–100] | < 0.001 |
Temperature, °C | 37.3 [36.5–38.1] | 37.5 [37.0–37.8] | 37.2 [36.4–38.1] | 0.49 |
Last available biological parameters prior to in-ICU CA | ||||
pH | 7.33 [7.22–7.41] | 7.40 [7.31–7.43] | 7.31 [7.20–7.41] | 0.003 |
PaCO2, Torr | 51 [40–61] | 46 [40–58] | 53 [40–62] | 0.35 |
PaO2, Torr | 73 [60–93] | 81 [70–104] | 69 [58–90] | 0.02 |
PaO2/FiO2 | 119 [67–208] | 210 [141–247] | 98 [62–175] | < 0.001 |
Bicarbonate, mmol/l | 26 [22–31] | 29 [25–31] | 25 [22–31] | 0.02 |
Arterial lactate, mmol/l | 1.5 [1.0–2.0] | 1.1 [0.8–1.7] | 1.5 [1.1–2.7] | 0.004 |
Creatinine, μmol/l | 117 [59–263] | 87 [43–133] | 124 [67–275] | 0.02 |
One or more CA confirmed or suspected etiology | ||||
At least one cause identified | 132 (90) | 30 (100) | 102 (88) | 0.05 |
Acute hypoxia | 59 (40) | 17 (57) | 42 (36) | 0.06 |
Endotracheal tube or tracheotomy obstruction | 19 (13) | 8 (27) | 11 (9) | 0.18 |
During intubation procedure | 16 (11) | 6 (20) | 10 (9) | 0.48 |
Unplanned extubation | 4 (3) | 1 (3) | 3 (3) | 0.80 |
Hemoptysis | 3 (2) | 2 (7) | 3 (3) | 0.24 |
Pneumothorax | 2 (1) | 1 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.54 |
Unknown cause | 15 (10) | 2 (7) | 13 (11) | 0.09 |
Refractory septic shock | 19 (13) | 5 (17) | 14 (12) | 0.17 |
Massive pulmonary embolism | 24 (16) | 1 (3) | 23 (20) | 0.02 |
Drug side effect | 10 (7) | 5 (17) | 5 (4) | 0.03 |
Acute metabolic disorder | 10 (7) | 1 (3) | 9 (8) | 0.32 |
Cardiac conductive disorders | 7 (5) | 3 (10) | 4 (3) | 0.19 |
Hemorrhagic shock | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.44 |
Acute myocarditis | 4 (3) | 1 (3) | 3 (3) | 0.91 |
ECMO dysfunction | 5 (3) | 0 (0) | 5 (4) | 0.22 |
Acute coronary syndrome | 3 (2) | 1 (3) | 2 (2) | 0.66 |
Other etiologies | 3 (2) | 1 (3) | 2 (2) | 0.66 |