Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the cooling method
All patients | Missing | Overall | P values* | Shockable | P values* | Non-shockable | P values* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | EC | SC | EC | SC | EC | ||||||
n = 1082 | n = 931 | n = 151 | n = 441 | n = 72 | n = 490 | n = 79 | |||||
Basic information | |||||||||||
Men | 801 (74.0) | 0 (0.0) | 692 (74.3) | 109 (72.2) | 0.617 | 356 (80.7) | 56 (77.8) | 0.527 | 336 (68.6) | 53 (67.1) | 1 |
Age, y, median (IQR) | 66 (53–75) | 0 (0.0) | 65 (53–94) | 67 (55–89) | 0.288 | 63 (51–72) | 66 (53–73) | 0.192 | 68 (56–78) | 59 (56–77) | 0.742 |
Age category | 0.158 | 0.312 | 0.319 | ||||||||
Aged 18–64 years | 490 (45.3) | 430 (46.2) | 60 (39.7) | 237 (53.7) | 34 (47.2) | 193 (39.4) | 26 (32.9) | ||||
Aged ≥ 65 years | 592 (54.7) | 501 (53.8) | 91 (60.3) | 204 (46.3) | 38 (52.8) | 297 (60.6) | 53 (67.1) | ||||
Cardiac cause of arrest | 777 (71.8) | 0 (0.0) | 664 (71.3) | 113 (74.8) | 0.435 | 420 (95.2) | 69 (95.8) | 1 | 244 (49.8) | 44 (55.7) | 0.602 |
Prehospital information | 0 (0.0) | ||||||||||
Bystander witness | 800 (73.9) | 0 (0.0) | 698 (74.2) | 109 (72.2) | 0.618 | 351 (79.6) | 52 (72.2) | 0.165 | 340 (69.4) | 57 (72.2) | 0.335 |
Bystander CPR | 544 (50.3) | 0 (0.0) | 466 (50.1) | 78 (51.7) | 0.726 | 246 (55.8) | 40 (55.6) | 1 | 220 (44.9) | 38 (48.1) | 0.739 |
Use of public-access AEDs | 82 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) | 70 (7.5) | 12 (7.9) | 0.868 | 41 (9.3) | 6 (8.3) | 1 | 29 (5.9) | 6 (7.6) | 0.532 |
Initially documented rhythm at the scene | 0 (0.0) | 1 | |||||||||
Shockable rhythm | 513 (47.5) | 441 (47.4) | 72 (47.7) | ||||||||
Ventricular fibrillation | 505 (46.8) | 433 (46.5) | 72 (47.7) | 433 (98.2) | 72 (100) | N/A | N/A | ||||
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia | 8 (0.7) | 8 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | N/A | N/A | ||||
Non-shockable rhythm | 569 (52.5) | 490 (52.6) | 79 (52.3) | ||||||||
Pulseless electric activity | 324 (29.9) | 281 (30.2) | 43 (28.5) | N/A | N/A | 281 (57.3) | 43 (54.4) | ||||
Asystole | 245 (22.6) | 209 (22.4) | 36 (23.8) | N/A | N/A | 209 (42.7) | 36 (45.6) | ||||
Epinephrine | 339 (31.3) | 0 (0.0) | 275 (29.5) | 64 (42.4) | 0.002 | 97 (22.0) | 30 (41.7) | < 0.001 | 178 (36.3) | 34 (43.0) | 0.261 |
Advanced airway management | 950 (87.8) | 0 (0.0) | 822 (88.3) | 128 (84.8) | 0.228 | 387 (87.8) | 64 (88.9) | 1 | 435 (88.8) | 64 (81.0) | 0.064 |
Call to EMS contact with a patient, min, median (IQR) | 8 (6–9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (6–10) | 8 (7–9) | 0.887 | 7 (6–9) | 7 (6–8) | 0.695 | 8 (7–10) | 8 (7–10) | 0.832 |
In-hospital information | |||||||||||
Use of ancillary cooling methods | 417 (38.5) | 0 (0.0) | 349 (37.5) | 68 (45.0) | 0.087 | 189 (42.9) | 38 (52.8) | 0.126 | 160 (32.7) | 30 (38.0) | 0.369 |
Cold intravenous fluid | 369 (34.1) | 306 (32.9) | 63 (41.7) | 0.04 | 164 (37.2) | 36 (50.0) | 0.05 | 142 (29.0) | 27 (34.2) | 0.355 | |
Stomach cooling with nasogastric tube | 125 (11.6) | 111 (11.9) | 14 (9.3) | 0.411 | 73 (16.6) | 8 (11.1) | 0.297 | 38 (7.8) | 6 (7.6) | 1 | |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 254 (23.5) | 0 (0.0) | 207 (22.2) | 47 (31.1) | 0.022 | 144 (32.7) | 33 (45.8) | 0.033 | 63 (12.9) | 14 (17.7) | 0.286 |
Success of percutaneous coronary interventiona,b | 231 (90.9) | 9 (3.5) | 189 (95.5) | 42 (89.4) | 0.153 | 134 (96.4) | 29 (87.9) | 0.07 | 55 (93.2) | 13 (92.9) | 1 |
Targeted at H-TTM | 726 (67.1) | 0 (0.0) | 611 (65.6) | 115 (76.2) | 0.012 | 324 (73.5) | 56 (77.8) | 0.472 | 287 (58.6) | 59 (74.7) | 0.006 |
TTM induction time, min, median (IQR)a | 150 (63–300) | 42 (3.9) | 150 (70–300) | 120 (60–243) | 0.03 | 180 (90–355) | 150 (64–297) | 0.05 | 129 (60–246) | 99 (60–188) | 0.295 |