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Table 2 Risk factors for bloodstream infection, using a Fine and Gray competing risk analysis

From: Characteristics and prognosis of bloodstream infection in patients with COVID-19 admitted in the ICU: an ancillary study of the COVID-ICU study

 

Univariate analysis

Multivariable analysis

sdHR

95% CI

p-value

sdHR

95% CI

p-value

Age, per supplementary year

0.99

0.99–1.00

0.16

0.99

0.98–1.00

0.084

SAPS II score, per one point increment

1.01

1.01–1.01

< 0.001

1.01

1.00–1.02

0.046

SOFA at admission, per supplementary point

1.05

1.03–1.07

< 0.001

0.01

0.98–1.05

0.48

Mild ARDS

0.93

0.78–1.11

0.41

   

Moderate ARDS

1.06

0.93–1.23

0.38

   

Severe ARDS

1.21

1.02–1.42

0.025

1.00

0.77–1.30

0.99

Frailty scale, per supplementary point

0.98

0.92–1.05

0.61

   

Male

1.23

1.04–1.46

0.013

1.41

1.08–1.84

0.011

BMI, per supplementary point

1.01

1.00–1.02

0.017

1.01

0.99–1.03

0.13

No comorbidities

0.99

0.83–1.19

0.96

   

Tabaco consumption

0.94

0.65–1.35

0.72

   

Chronic respiratory disease

1.2

1.01–1.42

0.037

1.01

0.79–1.28

0.96

Chronic heart failure

0.81

0.55–1.19

0.27

   

Hypertension

1.02

0.88–1.17

0.83

   

Coronary artery disease

1.04

0.83–1.29

0.76

   

Diabetes mellitus

1.06

0.91–1.24

0.44

   

Hematological malignancy

1.32

0.90–1.94

0.16

1.50

0.86–2.63

0.15

Immunodepression

1.02

0.78–1.34

0.89

   

Solid malignancy

0.67

0.34–1.33

0.25

   

Solid organ transplantation

1.08

0.67–1.75

0.74

   

Chronic renal failure

0.89

0.74–1.07

0.23

   

Cirrhosis

0.87

0.37–2.06

0.75

   

Neuromuscular disease

1.5

1.02–2.21

0.042

1.29

0.73–2.30

0.38

Long-term corticosteroids treatment

1.07

0.76–1.5

0.69

   

Immunomodulatory drugs

1.12

0.80–1.56

0.52

   

Treatment with NSAID

1.18

0.88–1.58

0.27

   

Admission from a long-term care facility

1.99

1.32–3.02

0.001

2.78

0.80–9.55

0.11

Admission from nursing home

0.61

0.23–1.59

0.31

   

Admission from Home

0.75

0.55–1.03

0.072

2.34

0.93–5.85

0.070

Time from hospital admission to ICU, per supplementary day

1.01

0.99–1.03

0.2

1.03

1.02–1.05

< 0.001

Period of admission

      

 Before 15th of March 2020

0.94

0.70–1.28

0.71

   

 From 15th March to 31th of March 2020

1.07

0.93–1.23

0.34

   

 From 1st April to 15 April 2020

0.9

0.76–1.06

0.21

   

 After 15th of April 2020

1.01

0.74–1.39

0.93

   

Nurse/patient ratio

0.93

0.84–1.04

0.20

0.91

0.78–1.06

0.23

Admission during night hours*

1.01

0.88–1.16

0.86

   

Fever before admission

1.17

0.96–1.43

0.12

0.95

0.71–1.27

0.72

Abdominal symptoms before admission

0.90

0.77–1.06

0.20

1.19

0.93–1.51

0.17

Co-infection at admission

1.28

1.02–1.61

0.032

1.47

1.07–2.02

0.17

 Bacterial co-infection

1.25

0.97–1.59

0.08

   

 Viral co-infection

0.14

0.03–0.78

0.025

   

ICU acquired pneumonia during period at risk for BSI

0.84

0.73–0.98

0.025

   

Antiviral treatment before admission

1.12

0.98–1.29

0.11

1.41

1.11–1.79

0.005

Immunomodulatory drugs during period at risk for BSI

1.14

0.66–1.97

0.64

   

 Tocilizumab during period at risk for BSI

0.8

0.33–1.92

0.62

   

Intubation during period at risk for BSI

2.28

1.89–2.74

< 0.001

5.18

3.45–7.77

< 0.001

ECMO during period at risk for BSI

1.21

0.94–1.55

0.15

1.26

0.82–1.93

0.30

Thrombosis during period at risk for BSI

0.76

0.59–0.98

0.037

0.85

0.58–1.26

0.42

Renal replacement therapy during period at risk for BSI

0.29

0.22–0.40

< 0.001

0.30

0.18–0.49

< 0.001

Antibiotic during period at risk for BSI

0.52

0.43–0.62

< 0.001

0.45

0.33–0.61

< 0.001

Corticosteroids during period at risk for BSI

0.74

0.63–0.87

< 0.001

0.79

0.62–1.01

0.063

Number of day at risk for BSI, per supplementary days

0.97

0.96–0.98

< 0.001

0.93

0.92–0.95

< 0.001

  1. sdHR: sub distribution hazard ratio; BSI: bloodstream infection; SAPS: simplified acute physiology score; SOFA: sequential-organ failure assessment; BMI: body mass index; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; NSAID: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; ICU: intensive care unit; ECMO: extra corporeal membrane oxygenation
  2. * Admission during night hours was arbitrarily defined as admission in between 8:00 PM to 8:00 AM