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Annals of Intensive Care
Fig. 2 | Annals of Intensive Care

Fig. 2

From: Gas conditioning during helmet noninvasive ventilation: effect on comfort, gas exchange, inspiratory effort, transpulmonary pressure and patient–ventilator interaction

Fig. 2

Study set-up. The four study steps are illustrated. Black arrows indicate the direction of flow (i.e., arrows pointing towards the patient indicate the inspiratory limb, whereas arrows pointing away from the patient indicate the expiratory limb). Polyfunctional nasogastric tube for the measurement of esophageal pressure is also illustrated. Upper left panel: NoH step (double-tube circuit with no external humidification). Upper right panel: HME step (standard Y-piece circuit with a heat and moisture exchanger). Lower left panel: HH34 step (double-tube circuit with a heated humidifier, with humidification chamber set at 34 °C on the inspiratory limb). Lower right panel: HH37 step (double-tube circuit with a heated humidifier, with humidification chamber set at 37 °C on the inspiratory limb)

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