Fig. 4

Main microbiota variations in ICU patients and available means to restore dysbiosis. In healthy subjects, microbiota presents important interpersonal variations, but is always composed by four major phyla and one of its important roles is resistance to colonization by exogenous bacteria. In ICU, many factors (rust color) alter the microbiota integrity with numerous consequences. In the right part of the figure, are illustrated the classically described treatments (bold and black letters) playing a role on the microbiota and compensating or preventing alterations. The fecal microbiota transplantation is the most popular microbiota-associated treatment, but other solutions aiming at preserving or restoring the integrity of the microbiota continue to be investigated. MDRO multidrug-resistant organism, ICU intensive care unit, rCDI recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. The figure includes material available from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com) under a Creative Commons license