Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study | Origin | Recruitment period | Study type | Frailty Scale | Frailty assessment | Inclusion criteria | No. of patients | Age (years) | Sex | Outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | COVID-19 diagnosis | Total | Deceased | Mean/Median | SD/IQ1–3 | Male n (%) | |||||||
Aliberti et al. [28] | Brazil | 30.03.2020–07.07.2020 | R/C | CFS | R/P+ | > 50y | PCR | 1830 | 666 | 66 | 59–74 | 1061 (38) | 30-day mortality |
Andrés-Esteban et al. [29] | Spain | 15.07.2020–31.07.2020 | R/C | CFS | R/P+ | 0–97 | PCR | 254 | 104 | 70.16 | 16.01 | 155 (61) | In-hospital mortality; frailty diff. for in-hospital mort.; ICU admission; LOH |
Apea [30] | UK | 01.01.2020–13.05.2020 | P/C | CFS, HFRS | R | > 16 | PCR | 831 | 315 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 30-day mortality |
Aw [31] | UK | 01.03.2020–30.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R/P+ | > 65 | PCR or Clin or Rad | 677 | 271 | 81.1 | 8.1 | 366 (54.1) | In-hospital mortality, ICU admission |
Baker et al. [32] | UK | 31.01.2020–16.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 18y | PCR | 316 | 84 | 75 | 60–83 | 173 (54.7) | Frailty diff. for 30-day mort |
Bavaro et al. [33] | Italy | 01.03.2020–15.06.2020 | R/C | CFS | R/P+ | > 65y | PCR | 206 | 56 | 80 | 72–86 | 98 (48) | In-hospital mortality; LOH |
Bielza [34] | Spain | 20.03.2020–01.06.2020 | R/C | CFS | P+ | > 70 | PCR or Clin | 630 | 282 | 87 | 82.9–91.1 | 223 (35.4) | 30-day mortality, frailty diff. for 30-day mort. and severe vs non-severe cases |
Blomaard [35] | Netherlands | 27.02.2020–14.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R/P+ | > 70 | PCR or Clin or Rad | 1376 | 499 | 78 | 74–84 | 830 (60.4) | In-hospital mortality, ICU admission, LOH, invasive ventilation, delirium, discharge destination |
Bradley [36] | UK | 01.04.2020–14.04.2020 | P/C | CFS | P | n/r | PCR | 830 | 300 | 70 | 58–80 | 509 (61.3) | 30 day mortality, frailty diff. for 30-day mortality and 72 h mortality |
Brill [37] | UK | 10.03.2020–08.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | P | n/r | PCR | 450 | 173 | 72 | 56–83 | 272 (60) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality |
Burns [38] | UK | 13.03.2020–22.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | P | n/r | PCR | 28 | 14 | 81.5 | 54–91 | 15 (54) | In-hospital mortality; frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality and duration of respiratory support |
Cecchini et al. [39] | Italy | 01.03.2020–30.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 65y | PCR/CXR | 122 |  | 87.1 | 6 | 55 (45.1) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mort |
Chinnadurai [40] | UK | 13.03.2020–30.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | P | n/r | PCR | 215 | 86 | 74 | 60–82 | 133 (61.9) | In-hospital mortality |
Covino [41] | Italy | 01.0.4.2020–30.03.2021 | P/C | CFS | P | > 80y | PCR | 729 | 287 | 85 | 82–89 | 345 (47.3) | In-hospital mortality |
Cuvelier [42] | Switzerland | 13.03.2020–11.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 80y | NR | 20 | 10 | 87,1 | 82.8–90.6 | 14 (70) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mort |
Davis [43] | UK | 18.03.2020–20.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | n/r | PCR | 222 | 95 | 82 | 56–99 | 74 (33) | 30-day mortality |
De Smet [44] | Belgium | 12.03.2020–30.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | P+ | n/r | PCR | 81 | 19 | 85 | 81–90 | 33 (41) | In-hospital mortality, frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality |
Dres et al. [45] | France, Switzerland, Belgium | 25.02.2020–04.05.2020 | P/C | CFS | P | > 70y | PCR | 1199 | 442 | 74 | 71–77 | 873 (72.8) | 30-day mortality |
Fagard [46] | Belgium | 16.03.2020–16.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | P+ | > 70 | PCR or Clin and CT | 105 | 14 | 82 | 76–87 | 55 (52.4) | In-hospital mortality, frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality |
Fallon et al. [47] | Ireland | 25.03.2020–24.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R/P+ | > 65y | PCR | 86 | 29 | 77 |  | n/r | Frailty diff. for 30-day mort |
Fumagalli et al. [48] | Italy | 22.02.2020–30.05.2020 | R/C | mFI | R | > 75y | Clin | 221 | 97 | 82 | 78–86 | 134 (60.6) | In-hospital mortality |
Gilis [49] | France | 03.03.2020–25.04.2020 | P/C | CFS | P | > 75 | PCR | 186 | 56 | 85.3 | 5.78 | 92 (49.5) | 30-day mortality, ICU admission, laboratory findings, symptoms, delirium, treatment |
Hewitt [50] | UK, Italy | 27.02.2020–28.04.2020 | P/C | CFS | P+ | > 18 | PCR or Clin | 1564 | 425 | 74 | 61–83 | 903 (57.7) | In-hospital mortality; LOH |
Hoek [51] | Netherland | 27.02.2020–30.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | n/r | PCR | 23 | 5 | n/a | n/a | 18 (78.3) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality (solid organ transplant recipients) |
Jung et al. [52] | Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Libya, Mexico, Morocco, Netherland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, USA | 19.03.2020–26.05.2020 | P/C | CFS | P+ | > 70y | PCR | 1346 | 540 | 75 | 72–78 | 965 (71.7) | 30-day mortality |
Knights [53] | UK | 01.03.2020–31.03.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | n/r | PCR | 108 | 34 | 68.7 | 1.5 | 63 (58) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality |
Koduri et al. [54] | UK | 20.02.2020–07.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 18y | PCR or Clin + CT | 500 | 193 | 69,39 | 17,2 | 300 (60) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mort |
Kundi [55] | Turkey | 11.03.2020–22.06.2020 | R/C | HFRS | R | > 65 | PCR | 18,234 | 3315 | 74.1 | 7.4 | 8498 (46.6) | in-hospital mortality; Frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality; LOH |
Kurtz et al. [56] | Brazil | 27.02.2020–28.10.2020 | P/C | mFI | P | > 18y | PCR | 13,301 | 1785 | 54 | 41–69 | 7752 (58) | 30-day mortality |
Lozano-Montoya et al. [57] | Spain | 03.2020–05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 75y | PCR or Clin + CT | 300 | 111 | 86.3 | 6.6 | 112 (37.3) | In-hospital mortality |
Maguire et al. [58] | UK | 18.05.2020–06.07.2020 | R/C | CFS | n/r | > 16y | PCR | 261 | 58 |  |  | 119 (46) | 30-day mortality |
Maki et al. [59] | Japan | 02.2020–05.2020 | R/C | MPI | R | > 65y | PCR | 18 | 4 | 82.89 | 10.2 | 7 (38.9) | In-hospital mortality |
Marengoni [60] | Italy | 08.03.2020–17.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | n/r | PCR or CT | 165 | 42 | 69.3 | 14.5 | 100 (60.6) | In-hospital mortality, ICU admission |
McWilliams [61] | UK | 03.2020–04.2020 | P/C | CFS | P | > 18 | n/a | 177 | 67 | n/a | n/a | 127 (71.8) | In-hospital mortality, ICU mortality, ICU rehabilitation (only ICU patients) |
Mendes [62] | Switzerland | 13.03.2020–14.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 65 | PCR or Clin and Rad | 235 | 76 | 86.3 | 6.5 | 102 (43.4) | In-hospital mortality, frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality |
Moledina [63] | UK | 23.03.2020–07.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | n/r | PCR | 229 | 75 | 73 | 56–81 | 144 (63) | Frailty diff. for 30-day mortality |
Moloney [64] | Ireland | 17.02.2020–24.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 70 | PCR | 69 | 16 | 79 | 75–85 | 40 | In-hospital mortality; symptoms, COVID-19 severity, radiological findings, ventilation |
Navaratnam et al. [65] | UK | 01.03.2020–31.05.2020 | R/C | HFRS | R | > 18y | PCR | 91,541 | 28,200 |  |  | 50,668 (55.4) | In-hospital mortality |
Noble et al. [66] | UK | 03.2020–06.2020 | R/C | CFS | n/r | > 18y | PCR or Clin | 164 | 68 | 62.1 |  | 110 (61.1) | in-hospital mortality |
Osuafor [67] | UK | 01.03.2020–15.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 65 | PCR or Clin | 214 | 74 | 80.3 | 8.3 | 120 (56.1) | In-hospital mortality, ICU admission, LOH, readmission; delirium, mobility at discharge, prolonged LOH, death within 14 days of discharge |
Owen [68] | UK | 29.02.2020–16.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 65 | PCR | 206 | 92 | 78.8 | 8.3 | n/a | 30-day mortality, ICU admission, ICU mortality |
Piers [69] | Belgium | 03.2020–04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 80 | n/a | 711 | 246 | n/a | n/a | n/a | In-hospital mortality, ICU admission |
Pilotto et al. [70] | Italy | 31.01.2020–31.12.2020 | P/C | MPI | P | > 65y | PCR | 227 | 43 | 80.5 |  | 93 (41) | In-hospital mortality |
Ponsford et al. [71] | UK | 01.03.2020–01.07.2020 | R/C | CFS | P | > 18y | PCR | 2508 | 885 | 74 | 62.5–85.5 | 1363 (54.3) | In-hospital mortality |
Ramos-Rincon et al. [72] | Spain | 03.03.2020–02.05.2020 | R/C | CFS, HFRS | R | > 18y | PCR | 290 | 48 |  |  |  | In-hospital mortality; ICU admission; LOH |
Sablerolles et al. [73] | Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, UK | 30.03.2020–15.07.2020 | R/C | CFS | P | > 18y | PCR or Clin + CT | 2434 | 456 | 67 | 55–77 | 1480 (61) | In-hospital mortality;ICU admission |
Steinmeyer [74] | France | 13.03.2020–04.05.2020 | R/C | FIND | R | n/r | PCR or Clin and CT | 94 | 17 | 85.5 | 7.5 | 42 (44.6) | In-hospital mortality |
Straw [75] | UK | 05.03.2020–07.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 18 | PCR | 485 | 159 | 71.2 | 16.9 | 259 (45.8) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mortality |
Tehrani [76] | Sweden | 05.03.2020–28.04.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | n/r | PCR | 255 | 70 | 66 | 17 | 150 (59) | In-hospital mortality, ventilation |
Thiam et al. [77] | Malaysia | 25.02.2020–27.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 60y | Clin | 26 | 6 | 76.2 | 8.2 | 11 (42.3) | In-hospital mortality |
van Steenkiste et al. [78] | Netherland | 09.03.2020–01.05.2020 | R/C | CFS | R | > 18y | n/r | 32 | 24 | 79 | 74.5–83 | 22 (69) | Frailty diff. for in-hospital mort |
Verholt et al. [79] | Denmark | 01.03.2020–31.05.2020 | R/C | MPI | R | > 75y | Clin | 100 | 37 | 82 | 77–84 | 44 (44) | In-hospital mortality; 30-day and 90-day mortality |
Welch et al. [80] | Egypt, Spain, UK, Greece Ireland, Iraq, Italy, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, USA | n/r | P/C + R/C | CFS | R/P | > 18y | PCR or Clin | 5711 | 1596 | 74 | 58–83 | 3149 (55.1) | In-hospital mortality |
Wolfisberg et al. [81] | Switzerland | 26.02.2020–30.04.2020 and 01.10.2020–31.12.2020 | R/C | CFS | R/P | > 18y | PCR or Clin + rAT | 486 | 92 | 65.9 | 14.7 | 317 (65.2) | In-hospital mortality; frailty diff. for in-hospital mort.; ICU admission |