Fig. 3

Lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production after TCR stimulation in severe COVID-19 patients. PBMCs were collected from healthy volunteers (HV, n = 7) and COVID-19 patients at D0 and D20 (n = 10). Cells were cultured for 3 days in the presence (TCR stimulation) or not (Control) of anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 Ab-coated beads (ratio of beads/cells = 2:1). Cellular proliferation was assessed by monitoring EdU AF488 incorporation into cells and expressed as percentages of cells incorporating EdU. IFN-γ was measured in cell culture supernatants after stimulation. Results are presented as individual values and boxplots. a CD4 + T cell proliferation is presented. b CD8 + T cell proliferation is presented. c Natural log transformed IFN-γ production in culture supernatants is presented. Nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare results between HV and patients. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for paired comparisons between D0 and D20. Only statistically significant differences are shown