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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Clinical impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristics

All patients with ARDS

(n = 336)

Patients with COVID-19-related ARDS

(n = 101)

Patients with ARDS from other causes

(n = 235)

P value

Male sex

247 (73.5)

73 (72.3)

174 (74.0)

0.79

Age, years

67 (57–74)

67 (58–72)

66 (55–74)

0.73

BMI, kg.m−2

28.5 (25.0–32.6)

29.4 (26.1–32.1)

27.8 (24.1–32.9)

0.13

Immune deficiency

53 (15.8)

11 (10.9)

42 (17.9)

0.14

SAPS 2 at ICU admission

50 (38–67)

40 (33–49)

56 (43–71)

 < 0.0001

SOFA score at ICU admission

8 (5–11)

5 (3–8)

9 (7–12)

 < 0.0001

ARDS aetiology

    

 COVID-19a

101 (30.0)

101 (100)

–

NA

 Bacterial or non-SARS-CoV-2 viral pneumonia

106 (31.6)

–

106 (45.1)

 

 Aspiration

60 (17.9)

–

60 (25.5)

 

 Extra-pulmonary sepsis

45 (13.4)

–

45 (19.1)

 

 Miscellaneous

24 (7.1)

–

24 (10.2)

 

ARDS and MV characteristicsb

    

 Lowest Vt, mL kg−1 (PBW)

 Highest PEEP, cmH2O

 Highest plateau pressure, cmH2O

 Highest driving pressure, cmH2O

 Lowest PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mmHg

 Highest PaCO2, mmHg

 Lowest pH

6.1 (5.8–6.6)

10 (7–13)

24 (20–27)

13 (10–16)

100 (74–163)

44 (40–52)

7.36 (7.25–7.4)

6.0 (5.8–6.3)

12 (11–14)

26 (24–28)

13 (11–15)

91 (76–138)

43 (38–49)

7.36 (7.30–7.42)

6.1 (5.7–6.8)

8 (6–12)

23 (18–26)

13 (10–16)

105 (74–172)

46 (40–55)

7.35 (7.22–7.39)

0.02

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

0.91

0.17

0.0005

 < 0.0001

ARDS classification (Berlin definition)b

 Mild

50 (14.9)

11 (10.9)

39 (16.6)

0.09

 Moderate

 Severe

116 (34.5)

170 (50.6)

30 (29.7)

60 (59.4)

86 (36.6)

110 (46.8)

 

ARDS-targeted therapies

    

 Prone positioning

 Number of days

 Nitric oxide inhalation

 Neuromuscular blocking agents

127 (37.8)

5 (2–11)

90 (26.8)

209 (62.2)

75 (74.3)

8 (3–16)

46 (45.5)

86 (85.1)

52 (22.1)

2 (1–5)

44 (19.1)

123 (52.3)

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Organ support during the ICU stay

    

 Invasive MV duration, overall, days Vasopressors

 Renal replacement therapy

 VV-ECMO

 VA-ECMO

11 (7–20)

280 (83.3)

85 (25.3)

15 (4.5)

7 (2.1)

17 (10–26)

82 (81.2)

23 (22.8)

7 (6.9)

0

9 (6–16)

198 (84.2)

62 (26.4)

8 (3.4)

7 (3.0)

 < 0.0001

0.52

0.58

0.16

0.11

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

    

 First episode

 Prior MV duration, days

 More than one episode

176 (52.4)

7 (4–11)

59 (17.6)

69 (68.3)

9 (8–13)

35 (34.6)

107 (45.5)

6 (4–10)

24 (10.2)

0.0001

0.01

 < 0.0001

  1. Data are expressed as number (%) or median (interquartile range)
  2. ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, SAPS 2 simplified acute physiology score 2, SOFA sepsis-related organ failure assessment, MV mechanical ventilation, Vt tidal volume, PBW predicted body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, VV/VA-ECMO veno-venous/veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  3. aIncluding 8 cases (7.9%) with bacterial and/or viral co-infection
  4. bFirst day with ARDS criteria
  5. Full characteristics of the study population are provided in Additional file 1: Table S1
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