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Table 2 Factors associated with the occurrence of VAP

From: Clinical impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study

 

Patients with VAP

(n = 176)

Patients without VAP

(n = 160)

P value

Male sex

141 (80.1)

106 (66.2)

0.004

Age, years

66 (57–73)

68 (57–74)

0.38

BMI, kg m−2

28.5 (25.0–31.6)

28.5 (24.9–33.1)

0.64

Past or current smoking

70 (39.8)

62 (38.7)

0.91

Chronic diseases

   

 Diabetes mellitus

 COPD

 Respiratory, others

 Cardiac

 Hepatic

 Renal

 Immune deficiency

 Solid or haematological malignancy

 Others

49 (27.8)

19 (10.8)

28 (15.9)

55 (31.2)

17 (9.7)

11 (6.2)

20 (11.4)

11 (6.2)

9 (5.1)

46 (28.7)

21 (13.1)

17 (10.6)

44 (27.5)

12 (7.5)

17 (10.6)

33 (20.6)

23 (14.4)

12 (7.5)

0.90

0.61

0.20

0.47

0.56

0.17

0.02

0.02

0.38

ARDS aetiology

   

 COVID-19

 Other causes

69 (39.2)

107 (60.8)

32 (20.0)

128 (80.0)

0.0001

SAPS 2 at ICU admission

49 (38–66)

51 (38–67)

0.60

SOFA score at ICU admission

8 (5–10)

8 (6–11)

0.11

Lymphocyte count, mm−3

   

 ICU admission

 Day 7

 Day 14

760 (500–1220)

775 (487–1202)

970 (637–1407)

705 (400–1152)

810 (520–1210)

1000 (620–1505)

0.18

0.78

0.73

ARDS classification (Berlin definition)a

   

 Mild

 Moderate

 Severe

23 (13.1)

57 (32.4)

96 (54.5)

27 (16.9)

59 (36.9)

74 (46.2)

0.29

ARDS-targeted therapies

   

Prone positioning

Number of days

Neuromuscular blocking agents

92 (52.3)

7 (2–13)

128 (72.7)

35 (21.9)

2 (1–6)

81 (50.6)

 < 0.0001

0.0006

 < 0.0001

Corticosteroids (all pooled)b

81 (46.0)

88 (55.0)

0.10

Proton pump inhibitorb

161 (91.5)

143 (89.4)

0.58

Intra-hospital transportb

107 (60.8)

77 (48.1)

0.02

Life-sustaining therapies

   

 Invasive MV duration, overall, days

Vasopressors

 Renal replacement therapy

 VA-ECMO

 VV-ECMO

17 (12–29)

157 (89.2)

52 (29.5)

4 (2.3)

13 (7.4)

7 (5–10)

123 (76.9)

33 (20.6)

3 (1.9)

2 (1.2)

 < 0.0001

0.003

0.08

1

0.007

  1. Data are expressed as number (%) or median (interquartile range)
  2. VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, SAPS 2 simplified acute physiology score 2, SOFA sepsis-related organ failure assessment, MV mechanical ventilation, VA/VV-ECMO veno-arterial/veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  3. aFirst day with ARDS criteria
  4. bBefore the occurrence of first ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), or during the whole ICU stay in patients without VAP