Table 2 All PIVC characteristics during insertion with or without phlebitis

Catheter inserted by (n, %)^a

 Doctor

287/2663 (10.8%)

21/246 (8.0%)

266/2417 (11.0%)

 Nurse

2393/2663 (89.9%)

243/246 (92.0%)

2150/2417 (89.0%)

 Medical technologist

1/2663 (0.04%)

0/246 (0%)

1/2417 (0.04%)

Inserted site (n, %)

 Upper arm

356/3429 (10.4%)

22/313 (7.0%)

334/3116 (10.7%)

 Forearm

1849/3429 (53.9%)

190/313 (60.7%)

1659/3116 (53.2%)

 Elbow

163/3429 (4.8%)

15/313 (4.8%)

148/3116 (4.8%)

 Wrist

162/3429 (4.7%)

11/313 (3.5%)

151/3116 (4.9%)

 Hand

507/3429 (14.8%)

33/313 (10.5%)

474/3116 (15.2%)

 Lower leg

225/3429 (6.6%)

23/313 (7.4%)

202/3116 (6.5%)

 Dorsal foot

137/3429 (4.0%)

17/313 (5.4%)

120/3116 (3.9%)

 Others

30/3429 (0.9%)

2/313 (0.6%)

28/3116 (0.9%)

Catheter material

 PEU-Vialon*

1087/3116 (31.7%)

83/313 (26.5%)

1004/3116 (32.2%)

 Polyurethane

978/3116 (28.5%)

109/313 (34.8%)

869/3116 (27.9%)

 Polyethylene

0/3116 (0%)

0/313 (0%)

0/3116 (0%)

 Tetrafluoroethylene

1292/3116 (37.7%)

111/313 (35.5%)

1181/3116 (37.9%)

 Others

72/3116 (2.1%)

10/313 (3.2%)

62/3116 (2.0%)

Catheter gauge (n, %)^b

 14G

1/3368 (0.03%)

0/308 (0%)

1/3060 (0.03%)

 16G

74/3368 (2.2%)

9/308 (2.9%)

65/3060 (2.1%)

 18G

89/3368 (2.6%)

8/308 (2.6%)

81/3060 (2.7%)

 20G

888/3368 (26.4%)

56/308 (18.2%)

832/3060 (27.2%)

 22G

2254/3368 (66.9%)

226/308 (73.4%)

2028/3060 (66.3%)

 24G

62/3368 (1.8%)

9/308 (2.9%)

53/3060 (1.7%)

Antiseptic solution before catheterization (n, %)^c

 None

8/2665 (0.3%)

1/260 (0.3%)

7/2405 (0.3%)

 Alcohol

2599/2665 (97.5%)

254/260 (97.7%)

2345/240 (97.5%)

 0.2% chlorhexidine alcohol

21/2665 (0.8%)

1/260 (0.3%)

20/2405 (0.8%)

 0.5% chlorhexidine alcohol

15/2665 (0.6%)

3/260 (1.2%)

12/2405 (0.5%)

 1.0% chlorhexidine alcohol

17/2665 (0.6%)

0/260 (0%)

17/2405 (0.7%)

 10% povidone iodine

2/2665 (0.08%)

0/260 (0%)

2/2405 (0.08%)

 Other

3/2665 (0.1%)

1/260 (0.3%)

2/2405 (0.08%)

Use of ultrasonography (n, %)^d

58/2636 (2.2%)

4/260 (1.6%)

54/2376 (2.3%)

Number of trials for insertion (n, %)^e

 1

2119/2619 (80.9%)

207/257 (80.6%)

1912/2362 (81.0%)

 2

313/2619 (12.0%)

27/257 (10.5%)

286/2362 (12.1%)

 3

130/2619 (5.0%)

18/257 (7.0%)

112/2362 (4.7%)

 4

26/2619 (1.0%)

1/257 (0.4%)

25/2362 (1.1%)

 5

15/2619 (0.6%)

1/257 (0.4%)

14/2362 (0.6%)

 ≥6

16/2619 (0.6%)

3/257 (1.2%)

13/2362 (0.6%)

Difficulties with the insertions (n, %)^f

 Easy

1232/2594 (47.5%)

113/253 (44.7%)

1119/2341 (47.8%)

 Slightly easy

772/2594 (29.8%)

76/253 (30.0%)

696/2341 (29.7%)

 Slightly difficult

456/2594 (17.6%)

49/253 (19.4%)

407/2341 (17.4%)

 Difficult

134/2594 (5.2%)

15/253 (5.9%)

119/2341 (5.1%)

Glove (n, %)^g

 Sterile

19/2630 (0.7%)

0/259 (0%)

19/2371 (0.8%)

 Non-sterile

2496/2630 (94.9%)

244/259 (94.2%)

2252/2371 (95.0%)

 Nothing

115/2630 (4.4%)

15/259 (5.8%)

100/2371 (4.2%)

Dressing (n, %)^h

 Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing chrolehexidne

0/3396 (0%)

0/307 (0%)

0/3089 (0%)

 Sterile polyurethane dressing

3327/3396 (98.0%)

298/307 (97.1%)

3029/3089 (98.1%)

 Non-sterile polyurethane dressing polyuretane

60/3396 (1.8%)

8/307 (2.6%)

52/3089 (1.7%)

 Gauze dressing

1/3396 (0.03%)

0/307 (0%)

1/3089 (0.03%)

 Tape dressing

8/3396 (0.2%)

1/307 (0.3%)

7/3089 (0.2%)

Any infection during catheter dwell (n, %)

803/3429 (23.4%)

90/313 (28.8%)

713/3116 (22.9%)

Duration of catheter dwell, median (IQR), hour

46.2 (21.3–82.9)

37.0 (19.2–57.6)

44.8 (21.0–81.5)