Table 2 All PIVC characteristics during insertion with or without phlebitis
| Variables |
All catheter N = 3429 |
Phlebitis ( +) N = 313 |
Phlebitis (−) N = 3116 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catheter inserted by (n, %)a | ||||
| Doctor | 287/2663 (10.8%) | 21/246 (8.0%) | 266/2417 (11.0%) | 0.13 |
| Nurse | 2393/2663 (89.9%) | 243/246 (92.0%) | 2150/2417 (89.0%) | 0.12 |
| Medical technologist | 1/2663 (0.04%) | 0/246 (0%) | 1/2417 (0.04%) | 0.74 |
| Inserted site (n, %) | ||||
| Upper arm | 356/3429 (10.4%) | 22/313 (7.0%) | 334/3116 (10.7%) | 0.04 |
| Forearm | 1849/3429 (53.9%) | 190/313 (60.7%) | 1659/3116 (53.2%) | 0.01 |
| Elbow | 163/3429 (4.8%) | 15/313 (4.8%) | 148/3116 (4.8%) | 0.97 |
| Wrist | 162/3429 (4.7%) | 11/313 (3.5%) | 151/3116 (4.9%) | 0.29 |
| Hand | 507/3429 (14.8%) | 33/313 (10.5%) | 474/3116 (15.2%) | 0.03 |
| Lower leg | 225/3429 (6.6%) | 23/313 (7.4%) | 202/3116 (6.5%) | 0.55 |
| Dorsal foot | 137/3429 (4.0%) | 17/313 (5.4%) | 120/3116 (3.9%) | 0.17 |
| Others | 30/3429 (0.9%) | 2/313 (0.6%) | 28/3116 (0.9%) | 0.46 |
| Catheter material | ||||
| PEU-Vialon* | 1087/3116 (31.7%) | 83/313 (26.5%) | 1004/3116 (32.2%) | 0.04 |
| Polyurethane | 978/3116 (28.5%) | 109/313 (34.8%) | 869/3116 (27.9%) | 0.01 |
| Polyethylene | 0/3116 (0%) | 0/313 (0%) | 0/3116 (0%) | – |
| Tetrafluoroethylene | 1292/3116 (37.7%) | 111/313 (35.5%) | 1181/3116 (37.9%) | 0.40 |
| Others | 72/3116 (2.1%) | 10/313 (3.2%) | 62/3116 (2.0%) | 0.16 |
| Catheter gauge (n, %)b | ||||
| 14G | 1/3368 (0.03%) | 0/308 (0%) | 1/3060 (0.03%) | 0.75 |
| 16G | 74/3368 (2.2%) | 9/308 (2.9%) | 65/3060 (2.1%) | 0.36 |
| 18G | 89/3368 (2.6%) | 8/308 (2.6%) | 81/3060 (2.7%) | 0.96 |
| 20G | 888/3368 (26.4%) | 56/308 (18.2%) | 832/3060 (27.2%) | < 0.01 |
| 22G | 2254/3368 (66.9%) | 226/308 (73.4%) | 2028/3060 (66.3%) | 0.01 |
| 24G | 62/3368 (1.8%) | 9/308 (2.9%) | 53/3060 (1.7%) | 0.14 |
| Antiseptic solution before catheterization (n, %)c | ||||
| None | 8/2665 (0.3%) | 1/260 (0.3%) | 7/2405 (0.3%) | 0.79 |
| Alcohol | 2599/2665 (97.5%) | 254/260 (97.7%) | 2345/240 (97.5%) | 0.85 |
| 0.2% chlorhexidine alcohol | 21/2665 (0.8%) | 1/260 (0.3%) | 20/2405 (0.8%) | 0.44 |
| 0.5% chlorhexidine alcohol | 15/2665 (0.6%) | 3/260 (1.2%) | 12/2405 (0.5%) | 0.18 |
| 1.0% chlorhexidine alcohol | 17/2665 (0.6%) | 0/260 (0%) | 17/2405 (0.7%) | 0.17 |
| 10% povidone iodine | 2/2665 (0.08%) | 0/260 (0%) | 2/2405 (0.08%) | 0.64 |
| Other | 3/2665 (0.1%) | 1/260 (0.3%) | 2/2405 (0.08%) | 0.17 |
| Use of ultrasonography (n, %)d | 58/2636 (2.2%) | 4/260 (1.6%) | 54/2376 (2.3%) | 0.44 |
| Number of trials for insertion (n, %)e | ||||
| 1 | 2119/2619 (80.9%) | 207/257 (80.6%) | 1912/2362 (81.0%) | 0.88 |
| 2 | 313/2619 (12.0%) | 27/257 (10.5%) | 286/2362 (12.1%) | 0.45 |
| 3 | 130/2619 (5.0%) | 18/257 (7.0%) | 112/2362 (4.7%) | 0.11 |
| 4 | 26/2619 (1.0%) | 1/257 (0.4%) | 25/2362 (1.1%) | 0.30 |
| 5 | 15/2619 (0.6%) | 1/257 (0.4%) | 14/2362 (0.6%) | 0.68 |
| ≥6 | 16/2619 (0.6%) | 3/257 (1.2%) | 13/2362 (0.6%) | 0.23 |
| Difficulties with the insertions (n, %)f | ||||
| Easy | 1232/2594 (47.5%) | 113/253 (44.7%) | 1119/2341 (47.8%) | 0.34 |
| Slightly easy | 772/2594 (29.8%) | 76/253 (30.0%) | 696/2341 (29.7%) | 0.92 |
| Slightly difficult | 456/2594 (17.6%) | 49/253 (19.4%) | 407/2341 (17.4%) | 0.43 |
| Difficult | 134/2594 (5.2%) | 15/253 (5.9%) | 119/2341 (5.1%) | 0.56 |
| Glove (n, %)g | ||||
| Sterile | 19/2630 (0.7%) | 0/259 (0%) | 19/2371 (0.8%) | 0.15 |
| Non-sterile | 2496/2630 (94.9%) | 244/259 (94.2%) | 2252/2371 (95.0%) | 0.59 |
| Nothing | 115/2630 (4.4%) | 15/259 (5.8%) | 100/2371 (4.2%) | 0.24 |
| Dressing (n, %)h | ||||
| Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing chrolehexidne | 0/3396 (0%) | 0/307 (0%) | 0/3089 (0%) | - |
| Sterile polyurethane dressing | 3327/3396 (98.0%) | 298/307 (97.1%) | 3029/3089 (98.1%) | 0.24 |
| Non-sterile polyurethane dressing polyuretane | 60/3396 (1.8%) | 8/307 (2.6%) | 52/3089 (1.7%) | 0.24 |
| Gauze dressing | 1/3396 (0.03%) | 0/307 (0%) | 1/3089 (0.03%) | 0.75 |
| Tape dressing | 8/3396 (0.2%) | 1/307 (0.3%) | 7/3089 (0.2%) | 0.73 |
| Any infection during catheter dwell (n, %) | 803/3429 (23.4%) | 90/313 (28.8%) | 713/3116 (22.9%) | 0.02 |
| Duration of catheter dwell, median (IQR), hour | 46.2 (21.3–82.9) | 37.0 (19.2–57.6) | 44.8 (21.0–81.5) | < 0.01 |