Table 4 Univariate and multivariable analysis for phlebitis using marginal Cox regression analysis for phlebitis

ICU characteristics

 Drug administration standardization

0.36 (0.20–0.66)

0.35 (0.17–0.76)

 Education on venous catheter management for nurses

1.29 (1.03–1.63)

1.15 (0.86–1.54)

Patient characteristics

 Age

1.01 (0.99–1.01)

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

 Gender, male

0.69 (0.55–0.86)

0.85 (0.64–1.12)

 BMI

  16–22

Ref.

Ref.

  ≤15

1.14 (0.45–2.90)

1.18 (0.60–2.33)

  23–29

0.95 (0.62–1.46)

0.86 (0.65–1.14)

  30≤

0.58 (0.14–2.38)

0.43 (0.20–0.95)

 APACHE II

  16–25

Ref.

Ref.

  ≤15

1.09 (0.85–1.39)

1.07 (0.79–1.45)

  25 < 

0.77 (0.56–1.05)

0.70 (0.48–1.01)

Catheter characteristics

 Catheter inserted by (n,%)

  Nurse

Ref.

Ref.

  Doctor

0.55 (0.35–0.86)

0.55 (0.32–0.94)

 Number of trials for insertion (n,%)

  1

Ref.

Ref.

  2

0.90 (0.60–1.34)

1.01 (0.67–1.53)

  3

1.44 (0.89–2.32)

1.35 (0.81–2.24)

  ≥4

0.84 (0.35–2.04)

1.34 (0.54–3.33)

 Use of ultrasonography

0.51 (0.19–1.38)

0.78 (0.24–2.56)

 Inserted site

  Forearm

Ref.

Ref.

  Upper arm

0.61 (0.39–0.95)

0.52 (0.32–0.85)

  Elbow

0.84 (0.50–1.43)

0.95 (0.50–1.79)

  Wrist

0.70 (0.38–1.28)

0.56 (0.26–1.21)

  Hand

0.58 (0.40–0.84)

0.67 (0.43–1.04)

  Lower leg

0.87 (0.56–1.34)

0.74 (0.46–1.21)

  Dorsal foot

0.96 (0.58–1.57)

0.95 (0.55–1.66)

 Catheter size

  22–24G

Ref.

Ref.

  ≥18G

0.99 (0.60–1.61)

1.97 (0.68–5.77)

  20G

0.59 (0.44–0.79)

0.75 (0.52–1.08)

 Dressing

  Sterile dressing

Ref.

Ref.

  Non-sterile dressing

1.36 (0.70–2.64)

0.90 (0.28–2.89)

 Catheter material

  Polyurethane

Ref.

Ref.

  PEU-Vialon*

0.61 (0.46–0.81)

0.70 (0.49–1.02)

  Tetrafluoroethylene

0.84 (0.64–1.09)

0.99 (0.71–1.38)

  Others

1.37 (0.72–2.62)

0.94 (0.21–4.16)

  Infection during catheter dwell

1.10 (0.86–1.40)

1.36 (0.99–1.85)

Drug characteristics

 Fentanyl (n, %)

0.89 (0.65–1.21)

0.81 (0.54–1.21)

 Heparin

0.62 (0.42–0.92)

0.65 (0.40–1.07)

 Fat

1.89 (1.04–3.41)

0.67 (0.40–1.10)

 Nicardipine

1.97 (1.46–2.65)

1.85 (1.29–2.66)

 Dexmedetomidine

1.16 (0.83–1.61)

1.08 (0.72–1.63)

 Ampicillin/sulbactam

1.00 (0.63–1.57)

0.79 (0.47–1.31)

 Albumin

0.87 (0.44–1.71)

1.36 (0.82–2.23)

 Paracetamol

0.63 (0.34–1.18)

0.69 (0.33–1.46)

 Potassium

1.62 (1.08–2.42)

1.32 (0.79–2.21)

 Meropenem

0.76 (0.46–1.26)

0.99 (0.52–1.87)

 Steroid

0.62 (0.32–1.20)

0.68 (0.32–1.43)

 Ceftriaxone

0.88 (0.51–1.54)

0.69 (0.37–1.31)

 Vancomycin

0.42 (0.20–0.87)

0.43 (0.18–1.03)

 Magnesium

0.98 (0.54–1.79)

0.68 (0.27–1.69)

 PPN

0.90 (0.48–1.69)

0.78 (0.37–1.62)

 Phosphorus

1.30 (0.73–2.31)

1.11 (0.53–2.33)

 Noradrenaline

2.54 (1.60–4.04)

2.42 (1.40–4.20)

 Carperitide

1.13 (0.64–2.02)

0.93 (0.46–1.84)

 Midazolam

1.63 (0.92–2.91)

1.50 (0.72–3.11)

 Nitroglycerin

0.73 (0.32–1.63)

0.22 (0.05–0.92)

 Dobutamine

1.54 (0.73–3.26)

1.14 (0.48–2.68)

 Cefmetazole

1.20 (0.45–3.22)

0.92 (0.22–3.82)

 Amiodarone

2.34 (1.21–4.55)

3.67 (1.75–7.71)

 Cefepime

0.58 (0.22–1.56)

0.70 (0.25–1.96)

 Levetiracetam

1.54 (0.21–11.1)

5.65 (2.80–11.4)

 Landiolol

0.75 (0.28–2.00)

0.73 (0.23–2.38)