Does the cytokine adsorber CytoSorb® reduce vancomycin exposure in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock? a prospective observational study

Annals of Intensive Care

Table 2 Parameter estimates for the final pharmacokinetic model

	Parameter estimates (90% confidence interval) [shrinkage %]
Parameter [unit]
Fixed-effect parameters
CL [L/h]	2.29 (1.97–2.64)
V [L]	98.1^a
COV_{Effluent flow rate} on CL	0.0003^a
k_max [h⁻¹]	0.068 (0.0345–0.122)
A_max [mg]	572 (305–1750)
Interindividual variability
CL, CV %	14.4 (0.8–29.9) [6]
Residual variability
Additive error [mg/L]	3.55 (3.18–3.98) [2]

CL clearance, V volume of distribution, COV covariate, k_max maximum adsorption rate constant, A_max maximum drug amount adsorbed at the CytoSorb® filter, CV coefficient of variation
^aParameter fixed to previously estimated parameters. Individual CL = CL_{typical value} * (1 + COV_{effluent flow rate}* (effluent flow rate—2000)) + V * k_max * (1−A_Cytosorb(t)/A_max)