Table 2 Analysis of potential confounding factors
From: Drug-associated hyperammonaemia: a Bayesian analysis of the WHO Pharmacovigilance Database
Drug | Single suspect cases (%) | Mean number of suspect drugs | Drug interruption (%) | Liver dysfunction (%) | Kidney dysfunction (%) | Informativity score NI0 (%) | Extrinsic imputability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glycine (N = 3) | 100.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 66.7 | B2 |
Sunitinib (N = 13) | 92.3 | 1.2 | 53.8 | 23.1 | 7.7 | 30.8 | B2 |
Sorafenib (N = 18) | 77.8 | 1.8 | 27.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 22.2 | B2 |
Deferasirox (N = 34) | 73.5 | 1.4 | 8.8 | 38.2 | 32.4 | 73.5 | B4 |
Valpromide (N = 27) | 70.4 | 1.4 | 37.0 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 3.7 | B4 |
Valproic acid (N = 1722) | 66.4 | 1.7 | 42.6 | 4.9 | 1.0 | 28.2 | B4 |
Asparaginase (N = 87) | 64.4 | 2.3 | 54.0 | 12.6 | 0.0 | 6.9 | B4 |
Regorafenib (N = 11) | 63.6 | 1.5 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 18.2 | B2 |
Eltrombopag (N = 8) | 62.5 | 1.8 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | B1 |
Crisantaspase (N = 7) | 57.1 | 1.9 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | B2 |
Acetazolamide (N = 6) | 50.0 | 1.8 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.7 | B2 |
Zonisamide (N = 12) | 50.0 | 6.8 | 25.0 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 50.0 | B4 |
Paracetamol (N = 52) | 48.1 | 2.6 | 21.2 | 65.4 | 23.1 | 19.2 | B2 |
Amphotericin b (N = 9) | 44.4 | 2.9 | 77.8 | 11.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | B4 |
Cannabidiol (N = 6) | 33.3 | 2.7 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 33.3 | B1 |
Carbamazepine (N = 43) | 32.6 | 3.4 | 37.2 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 34.9 | B3 |
Pegaspargase (N = 33) | 30.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 33.3 | 9.1 | 42.4 | B4 |
Capecitabine (N = 30) | 30.0 | 2.8 | 63.3 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 16.7 | B2 |
Tolvaptan (N = 10) | 30.0 | 3.2 | 50.0 | 20.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | B1 |
Haloperidol (N = 14) | 28.6 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 28.6 | 7.1 | 50.0 | B4 |
Ramucirumab (N = 7) | 28.6 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 42.9 | B2 |
Dactinomycin (N = 4) | 25.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | B2 |
Lamotrigine (N = 24) | 25.0 | 3.1 | 58.3 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 29.2 | B3 |
Fluorouracil (N = 301) | 21.3 | 3.5 | 35.9 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 20.3 | B4 |
Lenvatinib (N = 10) | 20.0 | 2.7 | 60.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | B3 |
Ciclosporin (N = 16) | 18.8 | 4.4 | 18.8 | 12.5 | 18.8 | 37.5 | B1 |
Tacrolimus (N = 60) | 18.3% | 4.3 | 30.0 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 66.7 | B2 |
Gemcitabine (N = 19) | 15.8 | 2.2 | 15.8 | 10.5 | 0.0 | 36.8 | B2 |
Olanzapine (N = 45) | 15.6 | 3.1 | 20.0 | 11.1 | 2.2 | 48.9 | B2 |
Levetiracetam (N = 56) | 14.3 | 5.5 | 42.9 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 26.8 | B2 |
Topiramate (N = 154) | 14.3 | 3.5 | 29.9 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 46.1 | B4 |
Bevacizumab (N = 58) | 13.8 | 4.4 | 55.2 | 5.2 | 1.7 | 17.2 | B2 |
Lorazepam (N = 15) | 13.3 | 5.7 | 26.7 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 33.3 | B2 |
Phenytoin (N = 38) | 13.2 | 4.7 | 42.1 | 5.3 | 2.6 | 42.1 | B3 |
Stiripentol (N = 8) | 12.5 | 5.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 25.0 | B2 |
Lacosamide (N = 19) | 10.5 | 4.2 | 57.9 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 21.1 | B2 |
Hydrocortisone (N = 10) | 10.0 | 5.6 | 20.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 | B1 |
Oxcarbazepine (N = 20) | 10.0 | 3.4 | 55.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 35.0 | B2 |
Risperidone (N = 39) | 7.7 | 3.7 | 43.6 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 28.2 | B2 |
Sofosbuvir (N = 13) | 7.7 | 2.0 | 53.8 | 7.7 | 15.4 | 38.5 | B2 |
Prednisone (N = 27) | 7.4 | 5.8 | 37.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 33.3 | B1 |
Citalopram (N = 14) | 7.1 | 3.6 | 42.9 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 50.0 | B1 |
Quetiapine (N = 28) | 7.1 | 3.2 | 39.3 | 10.7 | 7.1 | 21.4 | B2 |
Clonazepam (N = 15) | 6.7 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 13.3 | 0.0 | 73.3 | B2 |
Cyclophosphamide (N = 30) | 6.7 | 4.4 | 13.3 | 23.3 | 3.3 | 40.0 | B2 |
Lithium (N = 15) | 6.7 | 4.4 | 13.3 | 0.0% | 6.7 | 60.0 | B2 |
Irinotecan (N = 56) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 35.7 | 1.8% | 5.4 | 32.1 | B2 |
Methotrexate (N = 50) | 4.0 | 5.0 | 20.0 | 34.0 | 14.0 | 40.0 | B2 |
Oxaliplatin (N = 133) | 3.0 | 4.5 | 28.6 | 2.3 | 3.8 | 27.1 | B2 |
Folinic acid (N = 35) | 2.9 | 5.4 | 28.6 | 2.9 | 8.6 | 40.0 | B2 |
Vincristine (N = 39) | 2.6 | 4.9 | 15.4 | 28.2 | 7.7 | 41.0 | B2 |
Mycophenolic acid (N = 50) | 2.0 | 4.8 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 52.0 | B2 |
Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (N = 6) | 0.0 | 6.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 33.3 | B1 |
Basiliximab (N = 35) | 0.0 | 5.1 | 54.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 22.9 | B2 |
Clobazam (N = 15) | 0.0 | 5.3 | 86.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.3 | B3 |
Cytarabine (N = 36) | 0.0 | 4.7 | 11.1 | 33.3 | 5.6 | 47.2 | B2 |
Daunorubicin (N = 14) | 0.0 | 5.0 | 14.3 | 50.0 | 7.1 | 50.0 | B2 |
Dexamethasone (N = 38) | 0.0 | 4.5 | 31.6 | 13.2 | 2.6 | 57.9 | B1 |
Ethosuximide (N = 3) | 0.0 | 3.3 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 33.3 | B2 |
Etoposide (N = 23) | 0.0 | 5.0 | 56.5 | 13.0 | 8.7 | 34.8 | B2 |
Gemtuzumab (N = 3) | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 | B2 |
Melphalan (N = 9) | 0.0 | 4.8 | 22.2 | 0.0 | 22.2 | 33.3 | B2 |
Methylprednisolone (N = 26) | 0.0 | 6.0 | 42.3 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 50.0 | B2 |
Mitoxantrone (N = 15) | 0.0 | 4.5 | 40.0 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 53.3 | B2 |
Ondansetron (N = 8) | 0.0 | 5.3 | 87.5 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 0.0 | B2 |
Oxazepam (N = 6) | 0.0 | 4.3 | 100.0 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | B1 |
Phenobarbital (N = 48) | 0.0 | 4.6 | 41.7% | 4.2 | 4.2 | 22.9 | B3 |
Propofol (N = 11) | 0.0 | 4.8 | 36.4 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 27.3 | B2 |
Ribavirin (N = 27) | 0.0 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 14.8 | 7.4 | 40.7 | B2 |
Rovalpituzumab tesirine (N = 4) | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | B2 |
Trihexyphenidyl (N = 4) | 0.0 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 75.0 | B2 |