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Table 2 Echocardiography parameters

From: Right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain is independently associated with mortality in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19

Echocardiography parameter

All (n = 94)

Normal RVFWLS (≤−20%) (n = 67)

Abnormal RVFWLS (> −20%) (n = 27)

p value

Time from symptom onset to echocardiography (days)

n (n missing)

93 (1)

18 [13.5, 22]

67 (0)

18 [13, 21]

26 (1)

21 [16, 27.5]

0.011§

Time from intubation to echocardiography (days)

 

5 [4, 8]

5 [4, 8]

5 [3, 9]

0.794 §

RV4CSL %

−20.3 (4.4)

−22.5 (3.1)

−15.3 (2.3)

 < 0.001η

RVFAC %

34.1 [26.2, 38.5]

36.0 (6.9)

25.6 (6.1)

 < 0.001η

TAPSE mm

n (n missing)

45 (49)

23.7 [20.3, 25.5]

32 (35)

24.1 (2.9)

13 (14)

19.1 (4.6)

0.002η

S’ cm/s

n (n missing)

42 (52)

15.2 (3.4)

28 (39)

16.5 (2.7)

14 (13)

12.6 (3.3)

 < 0.001η

RIMP

n (n missing)

38 (56)

0.42 [0.30, 0.54]

25 (42)

0.38 [0.3, 0.43]

13 (14)

0.62 [0.53, 0.87]

 < 0.001§

LVEI Diastole

n (n missing)

51 (43)

1.04 [0.95, 1.54]

35 (32)

1.07 (0.23)

16 (11)

1.12 (0.27)

0.449η

LVEI Systole

n (n missing)

52 (42)

1.04 [0.94, 1.18]

36 (31)

1.06 (0.19)

16 (11)

1.09 (0.26)

0.653η

RV:LV Basal Diameter ED

n (n missing)

56 (38)

0.84 (0.13)

39 (28)

0.82 (0.12)

17 (10)

0.87 (0.13)

0.167η

Severe RV dilation

(RV:LV > 1:1)

n (n missing)

90 (4)

23 (25.6%)

66 (1)

15 (22.7%)

24 (3)

8 (33.3%)

0.308*

Septal flattening

n (n missing)

90 (4)

9 (10%)

66 (1)

4 (6.1%)

24 (3)

5 (20.8%)

0.053ω

Severe ACP (severe RV dilation and septal flattening)

n (n missing)

89 (5)

7 (7.9%)

65 (2)

3 (4.6%)

24 (3)

4 (16.7%)

0.082ω

Subjective RV dysfunctionA

n (n missing)

93 (1)

16 (17.2%)

67 (0)

7 (10.4%)

26 (1)

9 (34.6%)

0.012ω

Subjective LV dysfunctionA

n (n missing)

92 (2)

11 (12%)

66 (1)

8 (12.1%)

26 (1)

3 (11.5%)

 > 0.999ω

  1. Data are presented as mean (SD), median [IQR] or n (%). Data are complete unless indicated by n (n missing)
  2. A, Subjective RV and subjective LV dysfunction was visually assessed by the echocardiographer during imaging. Subjective RV or LV dysfunction was diagnosed by a reduction in thickening and motion of the RV myocardium or LV myocardium
  3. RVFWLS Right Ventricular Free-wall longitudinal strain, RV4CSL Right Ventricular Four-Chamber longitudinal strain, RVFAC Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change, TAPSE Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion, S’ S’ wave velocity at the tricuspid annulus, RIMP Right ventricular Index of Myocardial Performance, LVEI Left Ventricular Eccentricity Index, RV Right Ventricle, LV Left Ventricle, ED End Diastole, ACP acute cor pulmonale
  4. Between-group differences were assessed using Student’s T test (η), Mann–Whitney U test (§), Fisher’s Exact test (ω), and Pearson Chi-Square test (*)