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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 2 Complications, treatments, AKI and ICU outcomes, stratified by wave

From: Changing epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort

 

COVID wave 1 (n = 316)

COVID wave 2 (n = 456)

 

Mean (range)/mean (SD)/N(%) or median (IQR)

Treatment

  

 Remdesivir

19 (6%)

189 (41%)***

 New systemic steroids

186 (59%)

450 (99%)***

 Median dexamethasone or equivalent dose

18.8 (11.1–30.0)

22.5 (13.2–39.6)***

 IL-6 antagonists

3 (1%)

122 (27%)***

 Anakinra

25 (8%)

16 (4%)**

 Neuromuscular blockade

150 (47%)

184 (40%)

 Inhaled epoprostenol

54 (17%)

53 (12%)*

 Inhaled nitric oxide

28 (9%)

49 (11%)

 Proning position

121 (38%)

190 (42%)

 Therapeutic anticoagulation

138 (44%)

194 (43%)

Complications

  

 Acute respiratory distress syndrome

235 (74%)

296 (65%)**

 Congestive heart failure

16 (5%)

38 (8%)

 Myopericarditis

19 (6%)

9 (2%)**

 New infectiona

176 (56%)

285 (63%)

 Thrombosis

94 (30%)

141 (31%)

AKI

  

 Overall incidence

241 (76%)

232 (51%)***

 Maximum staging: 1

64 (27%)

122 (53%)

  2

41 (17%)

40 (17%)

  3

136 (56%)

70 (30%)

AKI category

  

 Transient duration (≤ 2 days)

85 (35%)

151 (65%)***

 Persistent-medium duration (3–6 days)

40 (17%)

23 (10%)

 Persistent-long duration (≥ 7 days)

116 (48%)

57 (25%)

 Kidney replacement therapy

100 (32%)

60 (13%)***

Patient outcomes

  

 Receipt of mechanical ventilation during ICU stay

269 (85%)

318 (70%)***

 ICU mortality

89 (28%)

105 (23%)

 Hospital mortality

92 (29%)

113 (25%)

 ICU length of stay

13.5 (6–29)

13 (6–28)

 Hospital length of stay

20 (11–42)

21 (12–45)

Kidney outcomes

  

 Dialysis dependence at 30 days

52 (17%)

39 (9%)***

 Dialysis dependence at hospital dischargeb

8 (4%)

7 (2%)

 Serum creatinine at hospital dischargeb [µmol/L]

65 (52.5–88.5)

66 (52–83)

 Kidney recovery at hospital discharge in AKI patientsb

132 (83%)

136 (89%)**

Outcomes at 90 days after discharge

  

 Dialysis dependenceb,c

9 (4%)

2 (1%)***

 Serum creatinineb (µmol/L)

73 (57–94)

70 (56–86)

 CKDb

27 (14%)

23 (11%)

 Mortality

93 (29%)

120 (26%)

  1. Binary and categorical variables are presented using counts and percentages. The distribution of continuous variables was assessed using coefficients of skewness and then summarised by mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) where appropriate. Net fluid balance is presented as mean (range). To assess for differences between the waves of data collection, binary or categorical variables were assessed using the chi-square test. Mann–Whitney U test or t test were undertaken for continuous data depending on the distribution
  2. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, N number, AKI acute kidney injury, ICU intensive care unit, CKD chronic kidney disease, IL-6 interleukin-6
  3. aNew infection was defined as a suspected or confirmed new bacterial infection other than COVID-19 that developed after admission to the ICU
  4. bIn survivors
  5. cNot available in 25 patients in wave 1 and 7 patients in wave 2
  6. * p < 0.05
  7. **p < 0.01
  8. ***p < 0.001
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