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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 3 Adjusted associations between demographic characteristics and diagnosis of acute kidney injury for all patients and stratified by wave

From: Changing epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort

 

All participantsa (n = 772)

COVID wave 1 (n = 316)

COVID wave 2 (n = 456)

 

Odds ratios (95% CI)

Ageb

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)***

1.02 (1.00, 1.05)**

1.02 (1.01, 1.04)***

Male sexc

1.07 (0.77, 1.51)

0.84 (0.46, 1.55)

1.29 (0.86, 1.94)

Ethnicityd

   

 White

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Black

1.46 (0.94, 2.25)

1.37 (0.64, 2.88)

1.33 (0.74, 2.36)

 Others

0.89 (0.63, 1.25)

0.56 (0.29, 1.05)

1.14 (0.74, 1.74)

BMI

1.03 (1.01, 1.06)**

1.07 (1.01, 1.13)*

1.03 (1.00, 1.06)*

Current smoker

1.01 (0.46, 2.22)

0.47 (0.13, 1.64)

2.08 (0.72, 6.06)

Admission SOFA score

1.36 (1.25, 1.47)***

1.40 (1.20, 1.62)***

1.35 (1.22, 1.50)***

Non-renal SOFA score

1.20 (1.10, 1.32)***

1.24 (1.04, 1.48)*

1.20 (1.07, 1.34)***

Vasopressor use

0.96 (0.66, 1.41)

0.66 (0.35, 1.27)

1.13 (0.68, 1.89)

Ventilation on admission

   

 Invasive

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Non-invasive

0.87 (0.32, 2.35)

–

0.94 (0.32, 2.75)

 High-flow nasal cannula

0.39 (0.26, 0.61)***

0.31 (0.12, 0.82)***

0.46 (0.28, 0.76)**

 None

0.26 (0.13, 0.51)***

0.18 (0.08, 0.42)**

0.41 (0.11, 1.51)

Clinical biomarkers on admission to ICU

Standardised variables SD (95% CI)

 Baseline creatinine

1.91 (1.44, 2.53)***

2.22 (1.31, 3.75)**

1.72 (1.23, 2.42)**

 pH

0.69 (0.58, 0.83)***

0.73 (0.55, 0.98)*

0.64 (0.50, 0.82)***

 PaO2

1.07 (0.90, 1.27)

0.97 (0.78, 1.20)

0.94 (0.66, 1.33)

 Ionised calcium

0.87 (0.74, 1.02)*

1.04 (0.79, 1.39)

0.82 (0.67, 0.99)*

 Lactate

1.18 (0.97, 1.44)

1.23 (0.92, 1.82)

1.16 (0.91, 1.49)

 Chloride

1.02 (0.87, 1.20)

1.04 (0.76, 1.39)

1.11 (0.89, 1.38)

 White blood cells

1.06 (0.90, 1.26)

1.04 (0.71, 1.51)

1.16 (0.95, 1.41)

 Neutrophils

1.07 (0.89, 1.30)

1.05 (0.67, 1.64)

1.17 (0.93, 1.47)

 Lymphocytes

1.06 (0.89, 1.26)

1.03 (0.76, 1.40)

1.07 (0.87, 1.32)

 Haemoglobin

1.05 (0.88, 1.25)

0.94 (0.66, 1.33)

1.02 (0.83, 1.26)

 CRP

1.32 (1.10, 1.57) **

1.34 (0.97, 1.87)

1.13 (0.89, 1.41)

  1. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics (exposures) and AKI (outcome). Regression coefficients are represented as odds ratios (95%CI). To allow for comparisons across the clinical biomarkers these variables have been standardised, so that for each variable the mean score was zero with a SD of 1
  2. Models were adjusted for: age, ethnicity, sex, new steroids, remdesivir, any IL-6 antagonists and invasive vs non-invasive ventilation
  3. BMI body mass index, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, CRP C-reactive protein
  4. * p < 0.05
  5. ** p < 0.01
  6. *** p < 0.001
  7. aAlso adjusted for wave
  8. bNot adjusted for age
  9. cNot adjusted for sex
  10. dNot adjusted for ethnicity
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