Table 1 Baseline characteristics and hypotension exposure in septic ICU patients
| Â | Mortality | p value | Standardized difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | No | Yes | ||
Number of patients | 74,555 | 2,773 | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 64 ± 15 | 65 ± 14 |  < 0.001 | 0.08 |
Gender (male) | 40,144 (54%) | 1568 (57%) | 0.005 | 0.05 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | 0.024 | 0.07 |
 Caucasian (reference) | 55,745 (75%) | 2034 (73%) |  |  |
 African American | 8169 (11%) | 354 (13%) |  |  |
 Hispanic | 4205 (6%) | 140 (5%) |  |  |
 Native American | 1027 (1%) | 32 (1%) |  |  |
 Asian | 1095 (2%) | 49 (2%) |  |  |
 Other/Unknown | 4314 (6%) | 164 (6%) |  |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 8 | 28 ± 8 | 0.024 | 0.04 |
APACHE IVa score | 67 ± 22 | 95 ± 32 |  < 0.001 | 1.02 |
Admission type |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.29 |
 Emergency department (reference) | 43,598 (59%) | 1262 (46%) |  |  |
 Other ward | 23,045 (31%) | 1124 (41%) |  |  |
 Elective | 5631 (8%) | 212 (8%) |  |  |
 Other hospital | 2078 (3%) | 162 (6%) |  |  |
 Other/unknown | 203 (0.3%) | 13 (0.5%) |  |  |
Admission year |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.15 |
 2004 to 2008 | 4416 (6%) | 278 (10%) |  |  |
 2009 to 2012 | 28,096 (38%) | 1023 (37%) |  |  |
 2013 to 2016 (reference) | 42,043 (56%) | 1472 (53%) |  |  |
Hospital bed size |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.09 |
  < 100 | 2360 (3%) | 91 (3%) |  |  |
 100–249 | 15,063 (20%) | 533 (19%) |  |  |
 250–500 | 17,786 (24%) | 599 (22%) |  |  |
  > 500 (reference) | 32,399 (44%) | 1324 (48%) |  |  |
 Unknown | 6947 (9%) | 226 (8%) |  |  |
Aspirin | 8,989 (12%) | 297 (11%) | 0.035 | 0.04 |
Diuretics | 10,421 (14%) | 399 (14%) | 0.56 | 0.01 |
ACE inhibitors | 7634 (10%) | 248 (9%) | 0.029 | 0.04 |
ARBs | 2722 (4%) | 83 (3%) | 0.077 | 0.04 |
Beta blockers | 12,096 (16%) | 457 (17%) | 0.74 | 0.01 |
Calcium channel blockers | 6150 (8%) | 234 (8%) | 0.75 | 0.01 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | Â | Â | 0.001 | 0.08 |
  < 8 | 6761 (9%) | 307 (11%) |  |  |
 8 ≤ Hb < 11 | 39,290 (53%) | 1469 (53%) |  |  |
  ≥ 11 (reference) | 27,638 (37%) | 961 (35%) |  |  |
 No reading available | 866 (1%) | 36 (1%) |  |  |
Albumin (g/dL) |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.42 |
  < 2 | 6873 (9%) | 597 (22%) |  |  |
 2 ≤ Alb < 3 | 30,902 (41%) | 1189 (43%) |  |  |
  ≥ 3 (reference) | 22,668 (30%) | 479 (17%) |  |  |
 No reading available | 14,112 (19%) | 508 (18%) |  |  |
WBC (/μL) |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.37 |
  < 4000 | 4088 (6%) | 315 (11%) |  |  |
 4000 ≤ WBC < 12,000 (reference) | 35,122 (47%) | 848 (31%) |  |  |
  ≥ 12,000 | 34,539 (46%) | 1572 (57%) |  |  |
 No reading available | 806 (1%) | 38 (1%) |  |  |
BUN (mg/dL) |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.40 |
  ≤ 30 (reference) | 43,368 (58%) | 1077 (39%) |  |  |
  > 30 | 30,602 (41%) | 1,678 (61%) |  |  |
 No reading available | 585 (0.8%) | 18 (0.6%) |  |  |
Lactate (mmol/L) |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.72 |
  < 2 (reference) | 31,324 (42%) | 664 (24%) |  |  |
 2 ≤ Lac < 5 | 12,527 (17%) | 675 (24%) |  |  |
  ≥ 5 | 1763 (2%) | 597 (22%) |  |  |
 No reading available | 28,941 (39%) | 837 (30%) |  |  |
Hypertension | 40,446 (54%) | 1441 (52%) | 0.019 | 0.05 |
Diabetes | 26,053 (35%) | 844 (30%) |  < 0.001 | 0.10 |
COPD | 16,762 (23%) | 565 (20%) | 0.01 | 0.05 |
Congestive heart failure | 13,401 (18%) | 507 (18%) | 0.696 | 0.008 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 4334 (6%) | 171 (6%) | 0.46 | 0.02 |
Valve disease | 2828 (4%) | 155 (6%) |  < 0.001 | 0.09 |
Pulmonary embolism | 1464 (2%) | 43 (2%) | 0.14 | 0.03 |
Neuromuscular disease | 1008 (1%) | 21 (0.8%) | 0.009 | 0.06 |
Hypothyroidism | 8021 (11%) | 281 (10%) | 0.311 | 0.02 |
Liver disease | 3566 (5%) | 213 (8%) |  < 0.001 | 0.12 |
AIDS | 704 (1%) | 40 (1%) | 0.011 | 0.05 |
Cancer | 12,173 (16%) | 610 (22%) |  < 0.001 | 0.14 |
Arthritis/Vasculitis | 1797 (2%) | 74 (3%) | 0.42 | 0.02 |
Coagulopathy | 3902 (5%) | 131 (5%) | 0.254 | 0.02 |
Anemia | 645 (0.9%) | 42 (2%) | 0.001 | 0.06 |
Home oxygen | 3750 (5%) | 132 (5%) | 0.552 | 0.01 |
Organ transplant | 1294 (2%) | 45 (2%) | 0.709 | 0.009 |
Chronic kidney disease | 13,793 (19%) | 626 (23%) |  < 0.001 | 0.10 |
Myocardial infarction | 6335 (9%) | 225 (8%) | 0.499 | 0.01 |
Stroke | 8788 (12%) | 264 (10%) |  < 0.001 | 0.07 |
Coronary artery disease | 8873 (12%) | 326 (12%) | 0.84 | 0.004 |
On ventilator on the day of admission | 26,993 (36%) | 1826 (66%) |  < 0.001 | 0.62 |
Average vasopressor rate (mcg/kg/min in NEE) | 12 ± 54 | 94 ± 216 |  < 0.001 | 0.52 |
Lowest MAP 120-min (mmHg) | 62 ± 10 | 52 ± 9 |  < 0.001 | 1.04 |
Lowest SBP 120-min (mmHg) | 94 ± 14 | 78 ± 13 |  < 0.001 | 1.23 |
Lowest DBP 120-min (mmHg) | 48 ± 9 | 40 ± 9 |  < 0.001 | 0.85 |
Lowest PP 120-min (mmHg) | 35 ± 12 | 27 ± 11 |  < 0.001 | 0.73 |