Table 1 Study and baseline characteristics
Author, year (Country) | Population | Number of centers | n (Analyzed) | Age | M/F | APACHE II | SOFA | Baseline Vit C level (umol/L) | Vit C level after intervention (umol/L) | Weight in kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Ferron-Celma 2008 (Spain) | Abdominal surgery with postop mortality risk > 30% | 1 | 20 | 67.8 ± 4.5 vs 65.1 ± 3.6 | 11/9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
2. Razmkon 2011 (Iran) | Age ≥ 16, severe head injury (GCS ≤ 8). Exclude: G6PD, severe liver or renal disease | 2 | 76 (Group A, B and D) | 31.1 (16–67) vs 29.5 (19–75) vs 29.4 (16–68) | 63/13 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
3. Fowler 2014 (USA) | Severe sepsis with organ dysfunction | 1 | 24 | 30–70 vs 49–92 vs 54–68 | 13/11 | 20.4 (12–23) vs 24.0 (12–33) vs 20.4 (15–29) | 10.1 ± 2.0 vs 10.8 ± 4.4 vs 13.3 ± 2.9 | All: 17.9 ± 2.4 20.2 (11–45) vs 16.7 (14–28) vs 17.0 (11–50) | Day 4: 331 (110–806) vs 3082 (1592–5722) vs 15.6 (7–27) | NR |
4. Zabet 2016 (Iran) | Surgical ICU patients with septic shock requiring vasopressors | 1 | 28 | 64.14 ± 15.98 vs 63.71 ± 13.84 | 21/7 | 19.07 ± 5.18 vs 23 ± 5.61 | 11.78 ± 2.22 vs 12.35 ± 3.00 | NR | NR | NR |
5. Chen 2019 (China) | Age ≥ 18, sepsis, ICU stay ≥ 96 h Exclude: G6PD, severe arrhythmia | 2 | 122 | 69 ± 13.5 vs 67.4 ± 17.3 vs 72 ± 16.6 | 88/31 | 18.5 ± 5.1 vs 19.6 ± 6.0 vs 18.1 ± 5.7 | 6.3 ± 2.5 vs 7.0 ± 2.7 vs 6.3 ± 2.8 | 3.5 ± 2.0 vs 4.0 ± 3.2 vs 3.4 ± 2.5 | 48 h: 26.65 ± 18.94 vs 48.88 ± 31.43 vs 2.80 ± 2.91 96 h: 52.40 ± 56.03 vs 111.62 ± 64 vs 4.26 ± 3.22 | 64.8 ± 7.0 vs 65.5 ± 7.6 vs 65.3 ± 6.2 |
6. Fowler 2019 (USA) | Age ≥ 18, sepsis, mechanically ventilated with PF ratio < 300. Exclude: active kidney stone, DKA, interstitial lung disease | 7 | 166 | 53 (39–67) vs 57 (44–70) | 90/77 | NR | mSOFA: 9.8 ± 3.2 vs 10.3 ± 3.1 | 22 (8–39) vs 22 (11–37) | 48 h: 166 (88–376) vs 23 (9–37) 96 h: 169 (87–412) vs 26 (9–41) 168 h: 46 (19–66) vs 29 (12–39) | NR |
7. Niu 2019 (China) | Age 18–75, sepsis in ICU. Exclude: immunocompromised, metastatic cancer | 1 | 234 | 58.2 ± 14.1 ± 60.1 ± 14.2 | 116/118 | 22.0 (18.0–29.0) vs 24.0 (19.0–29.0) | 8.3 ± 2.7 vs 8.7 ± 2.9 | NR | NR | NR |
8. Lv 2020 (China) | Age 18–75, ICU patients with sepsis. Exclude: immunocompromised | 1 | 117 | 58.7 ± 14.2 vs 60.2 ± 14.1 | 59/58 | 21.0 (19.0–28.0) vs 23.0 (20.0–29.0) | 8.6 ± 2.9 vs 8.9 ± 3.1 | NR | NR | NR |
9. Jamali Moghadam Siahkali 2021 (Iran) | Age ≥ 18, COVID-19 with clinical manifestation of ARDS or myocarditis Exclude: G6PD, ESRF | 1 | 60 | 57.53 ± 18.27 vs 61.00 ± 15.90 | 30/30 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
10. Kassem 2021 (Egypt) | Age 18–64, TRALI ≤ 6 h of transfusion. Exclude: ever had kidney stone, G6PD, AKI, immunocompromised | 2 | 80 | 52.6 ± 11.6 vs 47.2 ± 13.7 | 45/35 | 18.7 ± 8.1 vs 21.1 ± 7.1 | 6.7 ± 2.9 vs 5.9 ± 2.8 | NR | NR | NR |
11. Mahmoodpoor 2021 (Iran) | Age: 18–80, severe pneumonia in ICU with CURB-65 score > 3. Exclude: vitamin C allergy, end-stage lung disease/malignancy, G6PD, DKA, active kidney stone | 1 | 80 | 56.9 ± 12.3 vs 58.3 ± 13.1 | 46/34 | 24.5 ± 5.4 vs 22.7 ± 4.3 | 12.5 ± 2.7 vs 10.7 ± 2.7 | 117.1 ± 72.34 vs 129.3 ± 77.0 | 96 h: 449.7 ± 150.0 vs 93.0 ± 58.7 | NR |
12. Zhang 2021 (China) | Age ≥ 18 and < 80, COVID-19, PF ratio < 300. Exclude: G6PD, end-stage pulmonary disease | 3 | 56 | 66.3 ± 11.2 vs 67.0 ± 14.3 | 36/20 | 13.5 (10.3–15.8) vs 14.0 (11.0–16.0) | NR | NR | NR | 59.7 ± 11.2 vs 64.4 ± 9.3 |
13. Ap 2022 (India) | Sepsis defined by sepsis 3. Exclude: chronic kidney disease, chronic alcoholics, immunocompromised | 1 | 40 (Group 1 and 4) | All: 52.4 ± 13.7 | 28/12 | NR | NR | 21.7 ± 10.0 vs 17.5 ± 7.9 | Day 6: 22.8 ± 12.0 vs NR | NR |
14. Rosengrave 2022 (New Zealand) | Septic shock with organ failure. Exclude: G6PD | 1 | 40 | 69 (64–76) vs 66 (57–71) | 27/13 | SAPSII: 50 (41–49) vs 49 (42–58) | 8.5 (6.8–11) vs 9.0 (7.8–10) | 10 (4–13) vs 8.2 (4.7–11) | 72 h: 408 (227–560) vs 4.4 (3.1–8.8) | Median weight: 80 kg |
15. Wacker 2022 (USA) | Age ≥ 18, septic shock (≤ 24 h of diagnosis). Exclude: cardiac arrest, cardiac surgery 48 h, history of kidney stone, G6PD, ESRF | 5 | 124 | 68.9 (60.1–79.9) vs 73.0 (60.9–80.0) | 63/61 | 22 (16.5–28) vs 23 (17–28.5) | 10 (7–11) vs 9 (7–12) | NR | NR | NR |
16. Lamontagne 2022 (International) | Proven or suspected infection and receiving vasopressors ≤ 24 h of ICU admission. Exclude: known kidney stone within past 1 year | 35 | 863 | 65.0 ± 14.0 vs 65.2 ± 13.8 | 538/324 | 24.2 ± 7.4 vs 24.1 ± 7.9 | 10.2 ± 3.4 vs 10.1 ± 3.7 | 20.6 ± 70.6 vs 19.1 ± 39.7 | NR | 84.9 ± 22.6 vs 85.6 ± 26.6 |