Study | Cause of ARF (n) | Location, Patients (n) | Age (yr) | NPPV type, Interface | Avoided ETI (%) | Other reported outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARF due to acute airway obstruction | ||||||
Beers et al. [10] retrospective | Status asthmaticus | ED, 73 | 2-17a | BiPAP Nasal mask | 97 | Improved RR, SaO2 Avoided PICU admission: 22% Major complication: 0% |
Carroll et al. [11] retrospective | Status asthmaticus | PICU, 5 | 9.6b | BiPAP Nasal mask | 100 | Improved RR, MPIS Major complication: 0% |
Needleman et al. [12] prospective, physiological | Status asthmaticus | PICU, 15 | 8-21a | BiPAP Nasal mask | - | Improved RR, thoracoabdominal synchrony, fractional inspired time: 80% |
Akingbola et al. [13] case reports | Status asthmaticus | PICU, 3 | 9-15a | BIPAP Nasal mask | 100 | Improved RR, PaCO2, pH Major complication: 0% |
Till et al. [14] prospective, randomized, crossover | Acute lower airway obstruction | PICU, 16 | 4 (0.2-14)a,c | BiPAP Nasal or facial mask | - | Improved RR, CAS, O2 requirement Major complication: 0% |
Yanez et al. [15] multicentric, prospective, randomized, controlled (NPPV subgroup) | Bronchiolitis- pneumonia (18), asthma (4), pneumonia (3) | PICU, 25 | 1.3 (0.1-13)a,c | BIPAP, BiPAP Facial mask | 72 | Improved RR, HR, PaO2/FiO2 at 1 hr Major complication: 4% (interstitial emphysema) |
Thia et al. [16] d prospective, randomized, crossover | Bronchiolitis | PICU, 29 | 0.2 (0.1-0.4)c,e | CPAP Nasal prongs | - | Improved PaCO2 Major complication: 0% |
Cambonie et al. [17] d prospective, physiological | Bronchiolitis | PICU, 12 | 0.1b | CPAP Nasal mask | 100 | Improved HR, PtcCO2 , O2 requirement, respiratory distress score, MABP at 1 hr Major complication: 0% |
Javouhey et al. [18]d retrospective (NPPV subgroup) | Bronchiolitis | PICU, 15 | 0.1c | BiPAP, CPAP Nasal mask | 67 | Major complication: 7% (bacterial pulmonary coinfections) |
Larrar et al. [19] d prospective, noncontrolled (NPPV subgroup) | Bronchiolitis | PICU, 53 | 0.1 (0.01-1)a,b | CPAP Nasal prongs | 75 | Improved RR, PaCO2 at 2 hrs Death: 0% Major complication: 0% |
Campion et al. [20] d,f prospective, noncontrolled (NPPV subgroup) | Bronchiolitis-pneumonia | PICU, 69 | 0.1 (0.03-1)a,c | BIPAP, CPAP Nasal prongs, facial mask | 83 | Improved PaCO2, pH at 2 hrs Death: 0% Major complication: 0% |
Essouri et al. [21] prospective, randomized, controlled | Laryngomalacia (5), tracheomalacia (3), others (2) | PICU, 10 | 0.8 (0.2-1.5)a,c | BiPAP, CPAP Nasal mask | - | Improved RR, respiratory effort in both types of NPPV Patient-ventilator asynchrony with BiPAP |
Padman et al. [22] f prospective, noncontrolled (upper airway obstruction subgroup) | Inspiratory stridor | PICU, 3 | 13b | BiPAP Nasal mask | 100 | Improved RR, HR, gas exchange, serum HCO3, dyspnea score at 72 hrs Major complication: 0% |
ARF due to parenchymal lung disease | ||||||
Munoz-Bonet et al. [23]]f prospective, noncontrolled (pneumonia subgroup) | Pneumonia | PICU, 13 | 0.2-15.8a | BIPAP Facial mask | 100 | Improved RR, HR, PaCO2, SaO2, pH, clinical score within the first 6 hrs Death: 0% Major complication: 0% |
Bernet et al. [24] d prospective, noncontrolled (pneumonia subgroup) | Pneumonia | PICU, 14 | 2.4 (0.01-18)g | BIPAP, CPAP Nasal or facial mask | 50 | Improved RR, HR, PaCO2, serum HCO3 within the first 8 hrs Death: 0% |
Fortenberry et al. [25] f retrospective, (pneumonia subgroup) | Pneumonia | PICU, 21 | 0.7-17a | BiPAP Nasal mask | 90 | Improved RR, PaCO2, PaO2, pH, SaO2, PaO2/FiO2 at 1 hr Death: 5% Major complication: 0% |
Joshi et al. [26] retrospective (primary parenchymal lung disease subgroup) | Pneumonia, ARDS | PICU, 29 | 13c | BiPAP Facial mask | 62 | Improved RR, PaCO2, O2 requirement Major complication: 0% |
Essouri et al. [27] retrospective (primary parenchymal lung disease subgroup) | CAP (23), ARDS (9), ACS (9) | PICU, 41 | 8 (0.2-16)a,b | BIPAP Nasal or facial mask | 87 (CAP) 22 (ARDS) 100 (ACS) | Improved RR, PaCO2 at 2 hr Death: 4% (CAP), 22% (ARDS), 0% (ACS) Major complication: 0% |
Padman et al. [22] f prospective, noncontrolled (primary parenchymal lung disease subgroup) | Pneumonia (13), ACS (5 episodes) | PICU, 17 | 10.6b | BiPAP Nasal mask | 85 (CAP) 80 (ACS) | Improved RR, HR, gas exchange, serum HCO3, dyspnea score at 72 hrs Major complication: 0% |
Padman et al. [28] retrospective | ACS (25 episodes) | Inpatient ward, 9 | 11.8 (4-20)a,b | BiPAP Nasal mask | 100 | Improved RR, HR, SaO2, O2 requirement Avoided PICU admission: 44% |